<p>Carcory Homestead Ruin is a heritage-listed former homestead and now ruins on the Eyre Developmental Road, Birdsville, Shire of Diamantina, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Carcory Homestead Ruin (also spelt as Carcoory and Cacoory) is a roofless stone structure located on the northern end of Roseberth Station, eighty kilometres north of Birdsville.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Mitchell made the first exploration of the area in which Carcory Homestead is located in 1845. Explorers Burke and Wills made further investigations in 1861, and it was while searching for them that intensive exploration of the region was first undertaken. In the 1870s, this region comprised some of the last remaining unclaimed land in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The land on which Carcory Homestead is located is believed to have been taken up about in the late 1870s as a pastoral run.</p><br>
<p>The date of construction of this homestead is unknown, although buildings of a similar construction are found in Central Australia as far south as Robe in South Australia and as far north as Boulia in Queensland. They are of significance for their illustration of a vernacular style that spread throughout central Australia, across South Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland. The origin of the style is unknown, but the architectural characteristics are immediately identifiable: built of stone with wide verandahs, they efficiently control the extremes of temperature in the hot arid interior of the continent. Where no local timber was available, and distance and the lack of good access roads or a railway created prohibitively high transportation costs.</p><br>
<p>The homestead was positioned near Carcory Waterhole and the major stock route through Birdsville. It consisted of two main rooms under a hipped roof, probably used as a bedroom and a living room with a chimney, and a skillion-roofed second bedroom and store forming wings to the rear. It had an awning supported by posts at the front and was built of blocks of local limestone rendered inside and out. A stone store and kitchen were also built to the west of the house.</p><br>
<p>Around the turn of the century, Sidney Kidman, a pastoralist of humble beginnings who by 1890 owned stations stretching from the Gulf of Carpentaria almost to Adelaide, took up the Carcory Run, comprising one thousand square miles. Between 1900 and 1903, the region suffered severe drought conditions and the entire stock of 4000 bullocks perished. After visiting the station in 1902, Kidman decided to close it down, reputedly allowing the mailman to reside in the homestead for eighteen months. When Kidman returned, the place was abandoned and without a roof. The contents were then removed to Annandale Station.</p><br>
<p>In 1936 a Mr Morton, father of a subsequent owner, took up Carcory. At this stage the building was in a ruinous condition and it is believed that most recoverable materials were removed from the site for use at Glengyle Station following the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The building suffered from the effects of the harsh climate and from damage by vandals. The chimney collapsed in about 1992. In 1994 a Queensland Heritage Grant was obtained to allow repair work to be carried out on the remains of the homestead building. The building has been stabilised as a ruin. The roof has not been replaced.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Carcory Homestead comprises the shell of a cottage constructed of limestone, also evident in the surrounding landscape. It is located 100 metres to the east of the Birdsville-Bedourie Road 80 kilometres north of Birdsville.</p><br>
<p>The walls are constructed of squared rubble, approximately 45 cm thick, rendered and scribed externally to imitate ashlar. A stone chimney remains at the northern end. The front (eastern) wall is of unrendered stone with irregular pointing. The window, doors and corners of this wall are rendered to resemble stone quoins.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the walls are plastered and floors are of concrete. The remains of a fireplace, window frames and doorframe heads are evident. Piles of stones on the western side of the homestead building may be the remains of outbuildings. Evidence also exists of cattle yards approximately seventy-five metres further west.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Carcory Homestead Ruin was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Carcory Homestead Ruin in far southwest Queensland survives as an important link with early European settlement in this region and as an isolated ruin is demonstrative of the hardships experienced by early settlers. Carcory was established in 1877 as a pastoral run and the homestead ruin demonstrates the development of Queensland by pastoral settlement, later instrumental in the formation of towns.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Carcory ruin is a rare surviving example of an early homestead in this area.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Due to the undeveloped nature of the place, Carcory Homestead Ruin has the potential to yield information through documentary and archaeological research that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Carcory ruin is a rare surviving example of an early homestead in this area and is valuable as an example of a vernacular style of masonry construction that spread throughout central Australia, across South Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland in the late 19th century. It efficiently controlled the extremes of temperature in the hot, arid interior of the continent and compensated for the lack of locally available timber.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Carcory Homestead Ruin has aesthetic appeal, derived partly from its form and materials and partly from its setting as an isolated structure in a broad, open landscape. The ruinous state of the homestead complements the desolation of the place.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Carcory Homestead Ruin has a special association with the community as one of the earliest homesteads in the District.</p><br>
<p>Vkhodnoy Island , is a small island in the Kara Sea. It is one of the islands of the coastal area of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Vkhodnoy is a 0.75 km long island located 600 m to the west of Cape Johansen (Mys Iogansena), the westernmost headland of Nansen Island. It lies on the northern side of Fram Strait, the strait between Nansen island and the Siberian coast, which is about 2.5 km wide on average. The Ledyanyye Islands lie 13 km to the east.</p><br>
<p>Geologically all these coastal islands are a continuation of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago which lies further north.</p><br>
<p>The sea surrounding neighbouring Nansen Island is covered with pack ice with some polynias during the long and harsh winters and there are many ice floes even in the summer.</p><br>
<p>Vkhodnoy Island belongs to the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of Russia and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve – the largest nature reserve of Russia and one of the biggest in the world.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In October 1900, during Baron Eduard von Toll’s fateful last expedition, the winter quarters for Toll&#39;s ship Zarya were set nearby at Nablyudeniy Island and a scientific station was built there. Nablyudeniy is a small granite island south of Bonevi Island located in a bay that Baron Toll named Colin Archer Bay (Bukhta Kolin Archera).</p><br>
<p>Kidman&#39;s Tree of Knowledge is a heritage-listed tree at Glengyle Station, Bedourie, Shire of Diamantina, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Tree of Knowledge. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kidmans Tree of Knowledge is located on Glengyle Station in Queenslands Diamantina district and has become associated with Sir Sidney Kidman and the vast pastoral empire he established in the Australian interior in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The mature coolibah (Eucalyptus coolibah) is reputedly the tree under which Sidney Kidman camped when contemplating the development of his pastoral empire in Western Queensland. Glengyle Station on which the tree is situated subsequently proved to be the most important in Kidman&#39;s chain of properties that eventually stretched from the Barkly Tableland through to the Barrier Range in South Australia. However, while Kidman visited and purchased stock from Glengyle he did not acquire the leasehold until 1913.</p><br>
<p>Although European explorers had passed through the Diamantina district in the 1840s and early 1860s, pastoralists did not occupy this semi-arid region until the mid-1870s. In 1876 Patrick Drinan took up Annandale Station and Duncan McGregor took up Glengyle. Also taken up at this period were Sandringham and Carcory in 1877 and Dubbo Downs in 1878. The towns of Birdsville and Bedourie developed in the late 1870s/early 1880s to service these newly established Channel Country runs. The Diamantina and Georgina rivers, Cooper and Eyre creeks are part of a network of western Queensland waterways known as the Channel Country. They draw water from an area of 566,000 square kilometres. These systems contain innumerable waterholes of various depth and length that generally last throughout the dry season, however, after rain, the network of rivers, creeks and channels links together, stretching out over a vast floodplain like fingers, hence the name Channel Country. While some of the properties such as Glengyle border the Simpson Desert and have many square kilometres of sand dunes, the natural irrigation following the tropical north wet season means the land is ideal for grazing cattle.</p><br>
<p>Sidney Kidman was born on 9 May 1857 at Athelstone near Adelaide, the son of English immigrants. At about 13 years of age he left home and made his way north to Poolamacca Station in the Barrier Range where he met up with his brother, George. He acquired work with George Raines, a landless bushman who travelled the countryside taking advantage of unfenced lands where there was good feeding for his stock. It was at this time that Kidman learnt numerous bush survival skills and came to appreciate the knowledge and skills of the Aboriginal people.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1870s Kidman obtained work on various stations, drove cattle and bullocks, carted goods, opened a butcher&#39;s shop at Cobar shortly after the rush started and soon after went into business with his brother droving, buying stock and dealing. They took on mail contracts, ran a butchery in Broken Hill and in the 1890s started buying pastoral leaseholds as Kidman Brothers.</p><br>
<p>As a young man Sidney Kidman had talked widely with cattlemen about the Australian interior and in his travels buying and selling stock, realised the value of Channel Country land. His aim was to acquire a chain of properties so that in times of drought cattle could be moved from properties badly affected to areas with good grass. Eventually Kidman acquired two strings of properties. The first or "main chain" stretched from the Barkly Tablelands near the Gulf of Carpentaria down through the Channel Country of western Queensland and along the Birdsville Track to the rail head at Maree in South Australia. The second chain of stations followed the Overland Telegraph line from the Fitzroy River and Victoria River Downs Station in the north to Wilpena Station in the Flinders Ranges near Adelaide. The development of the Kidman empire in Queensland stems from Kidman Brothers&#39; acquisition of Annandale in the Channel Country in 1896.</p><br>
<p>As result of his acquisitions, his knowledge of the bush and his business acumen Kidman&#39;s empire was able to survive the depression of the 1890s and the drought of 1899-1902.</p><br>
<p>The Pastoralists Review of 16 September 1903 featured an interview with Sidney Kidman, the "Cattle King". It included biographical information about his life and detailed the properties he then owned: In the Northern Territory: Victoria Downs, with its 45,000 head of cattle, Newcastle Waters, Austral Downs; South Australia: Lake Albert, Eringa, Peake, Macumba, Mount Nor-West, Clayton, Coongy on the cooper, Pandie Pandyie on the Diamantina, Alton Downs; and Queensland: Annandale, Collegwairi, Dubbo, Cartrey, Rocklands, Monkira, Bulla Downs; in New South Wales: Wompah and Tickelara. Kidman continued to buy properties, buy and sell cattle and horses and manage his properties while almost continuously on the move. He kept abreast of market fluctuations, weather conditions and what was happening on his properties, via the telegraph.</p><br>
<p>While Kidman abhorred wastefulness and was known to sack employees who exhibited such traits, he was also known to be generous to deserving causes. He gained a reputation for munificence to the war effort, his World War One donations including wool, meat, horses, ambulances and warplanes. In monetary terms this patriotic generosity amounted to hundreds of thousands of pounds. In 1921 he was knighted for his contribution to the war effort.</p><br>
<p>The leasehold to Glengyle Station was transferred several times after Duncan McGregor took up the run in 1876. The London Bank of Australia Limited held the lease until William Frederick Buchanan had purchased the Glengyle holding by October 1907. Following the death of this Narrabri grazier in 1911 the lease was transferred to William Buchanan and Charles Henry Buchanan.</p><br>
<p>The 1008 square mile Glengyle leasehold became part of the Kidman empire in 1913 when he purchased the lease from the Buchanans for £1,575. Kidman had long wanted Glengyle Station for its size and its permanent deep waterholes on the Georgina River, its plains and flats of lignum and saltbush, and its strategic position adjoining his Queensland properties of Sandringham, Kaliduwarry, Dubbo Downs and Annandale. Moreover, Glengyle, between Eyre Creek and the sand hills of the Simpson Desert, did not always need to rely on local rainfall. In good seasons it is drained by channels fed by the northern monsoon. The property proved pivotal to the Kidman holdings in the Lake Eyre Basin and is still held by the family firm S Kidman and Company.</p><br>
<p>Kidman had married in 1885 and raised a family of 3 daughters and one son in Adelaide. Kidman retired in 1927 but his children continued to run the family business empire from Adelaide. On 2 September 1935, aged 78 years, Sir Sidney Kidman passed away in Adelaide and his only son, Walter Sidney Palethorpe (b.1900) took over as chairman of the Kidman empire.</p><br>
<p>The Kidman Tree of Knowledge has been described as "one of the state&#39;s most famous living monuments to the king". It is valued by both the local community and visitors as a tangible link with Sir Sidney Kidman, a pioneer who successfully created a pastoral empire in the vast remote interior of Australia, encompassing approximately 3.5% of the Australian continent.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kidman&#39;s Tree of Knowledge is situated on Glengyle Station on the western bank of Eyre Creek, about 60 km south of Bedourie.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the centre of a grassed square formed by Glengyle homestead and associated buildings and is healthy and mature.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kidman&#39;s Tree of Knowledge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>For the many people who worked for Sir Sidney Kidman and for those who continue to be associated with Kidman Holdings, Kidmans Tree of Knowledge on Glengyle Station is significant for its association with Sir Sidney Kidman.For local people and visitors alike Kidmans tree of Knowledge is a tangible link with Sir Sidney Kidman, a pioneer who is recognised as having created a successful pastoral empire in the vast remote interior of Australia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Tree of Knowledge is significant for its association with prominent Australian pastoralist Sir Sidney Kidman, who through business acumen, knowledge of the land he traversed and hard work, acquired a string of pastoral runs in the Australian interior (in Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory and Western Australia), where his stock could be moved from property to property to withstand the impact of drought. Whether Sir Sidney Kidman sat under this Coolibah tree near the Glengyle homestead is not known. It is, however, the perception or mythology of Kidman&#39;s association with this tree that is significant.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>For the many people who worked for Sir Sidney Kidman and for those who continue to be associated with Kidman Holdings, Kidmans Tree of Knowledge on Glengyle Station is significant for its association with Sir Sidney Kidman.For local people and visitors alike Kidmans tree of Knowledge is a tangible link with Sir Sidney Kidman, a pioneer who is recognised as having created a successful pastoral empire in the vast remote interior of Australia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge is significant for its association with prominent Australian pastoralist Sir Sidney Kidman, who through business acumen, knowledge of the land he traversed and hard work, acquired a string of pastoral runs in the Australian interior (in Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory and Western Australia), where his stock could be moved from property to property to withstand the impact of drought. Whether Sir Sidney Kidman sat under this Coolibah tree near the Glengyle homestead is not known. It is, however, the perception or mythology of Kidman&#39;s association with this tree that is significant.</p><br>
<p>Ledyanyye Islands  are a small island group in the Kara Sea. They are coastal islands near the Nordenskiöld Archipelago, which lies further east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Ledyanyye Islands are a group of two small islands located 5 km to the north of the Fuss Peninsula (Poluostrov Fussa) of the Siberian coast, and 13 km to the west of Vkhodnoy Island off the westernmost headland of Nansen Island.</p><br>
<p>The larger island is on the east and is 1.8 km long and 0.8 km wide. The smaller western island is only 0.5 km in length. Both islands are separated by a 0.25 km wide sound.</p><br>
<p>The sea surrounding the Ledyanyye Islands is covered with pack ice with some polynias during the long and harsh winters and there are many ice floes even in the summer.</p><br>
<p>This island group belongs to the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of Russia and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve – the largest nature reserve of Russia and one of the biggest in the world.</p><br>
<p>Elderslie Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at the Elderslie Station, Winton-Boulia Road, Middleton, Shire of Winton, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1881 to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Elderslie Homestead is about 60 km west of Winton and it is a complex of accommodation and working buildings set against the backdrop of Mount Booka Booka in an otherwise flat landscape. Three of the surviving buildings were constructed of local stone in the early 1880s as the nucleus of Elderslie Station.</p><br>
<p>The area in which Elderslie Station is located was explored by William Landsborough and surveyor George Phillips in 1866, although some pioneer pastoralists had settled in the area as early as 1863. Severe drought in the late 1860s compelled some to leave, but there was a new wave of settlement in the early 1870s when the drought broke and interest in pastoralism grew due to rising wool prices. 1n 1873 the area was declared a pastoral district and a detailed survey of the Western River and environs was carried out in 1876.</p><br>
<p>In 1873 Samuel Forsyth took up thirteen runs along the Diamantina and Western Rivers. In 1875, seven adjacent leases were granted to Donald Smith Wallace. It is thought that Wallace may have chosen the name Elderslie for its link with his famous namesake, the Scottish patriot William Wallace of Elderslie. The first buildings on Elderslie were constructed prior to 1875, and are thought to have comprised a pise homestead and yards. A shanty and store were later erected nearby. In 1876, this area was flooded, and the store was moved to higher ground approximately a mile away. This later became the site of the township of Winton, with an area resumed from the Elderslie holdings for the purpose.</p><br>
<p>By 1879, all leases (a total of 21 runs) were transferred to the prominent Victorian pastoralist, Samuel Wilson. Wilson had come from England to the Victorian goldfields in the 1850s and had also managed a sheep station for his brother in that colony. His success in this industry was spectacular and he built up a pastoral empire with holdings in various states. He also became involved in Victorian politics and was a member of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. A munificent gift of £30,000 to Melbourne University was followed by a knighthood in 1875 and he moved back to England where he took up the former estate of Lord Beaconsfield and attempted to enter British politics. Although he retained ownership of Elderslie until his death in 1895, his interest in the place was therefore as a business property rather than a home. This is visible in the buildings at Elderslie which are functional working buildings rather than the residence of a wealthy man with social and political aspirations.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, substantial capital was invested in Elderslie in the form of a new homestead complex constructed some forty kilometres away from the original homestead at Wallace&#39;s Camp. This may have been because this site had flooded, was too close to the budding township of Winton, or simply because the new site was more centrally placed in the Elderslie holding.</p><br>
<p>The new homestead complex was erected no later than 1882 beneath Mount Booka-Booka, which provided the sandstone for the structures. The building technique and materials are similar to those at nearby Oondooroo Station, and it is thought that both complexes were constructed by a German stonemason with the assistance of locally available Chinese labour.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, an inspector for the Department of Public Lands described the Elderslie complex as including the homestead house, laundry and servants rooms, kitchen, butchers shop, mens hut, store and cottage, cottage, carpenters, wheelwrights and saddlers shop, gardeners cottage and garden, four earth dams, an overshop and 62 miles of fencing. Of these, only five buildings survive today, however, they are sufficient to demonstrate the layout and use of the homestead. Curiously, Wilson appears to have used the property to run only cattle, given that he had previous experience with sheep and that wool prices were high when he had acquired the station. Sheep were not introduced until the subsequent owners restocked.</p><br>
<p>The extant structures and the evidence of those which no longer exist indicate the scale of the property at this time. The station supported a large number of workers, reputedly up to ninety at its peak, and the infrastructure required would have been considerable. Early photographic and documentary records show large gardens, both productive and decorative, and that social needs for the Elderslie community were considered, with a School of Arts registered at the station in 1896.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, Elderslie was divided into two parts, one of approximately 4,400 square kilometres leased to Wilson and approximately half that amount intended to be subdivided for closer settlement, but over which Wilson had a lease to occupy. On Wilson&#39;s death, both sections were transferred to the Ramsay family. By 1912, the Ramsays had stocked the property with sheep, established horse studs and sunk three artesian bores. The additions to the house which created its present form probably occurred during this time. Although the period in which the Ramsays occupied Elderslie was a difficult one, coinciding with severe droughts and large resumptions of land, they managed to sell the property debt free to the Queensland Stock Breeding Company Limited in 1912.</p><br>
<p>After the First World War, further land resumptions for closer settlement were made and in 1924, Elderslie was transferred to the Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Limited who retained ownership until 1950. At this time the entire holding was resumed and divided into several grazing leases which were opened for selection. During the 1950s the verandahs were reconstructed and a hip extended to the south east of the first extension to create a bathroom and laundry. The kitchen was also relocated to the northern corner of the building and the verandahs were flyscreened. In 1954, the homestead block was purchased by Mr and Mrs Keith Watts. The original Elderslie buildings were by then in serious state of disrepair, and the Watts were instrumental in retaining and repairing them. Elderslie remains in this family.</p><br>
<p>The homestead complex has been, and continues to be, the subject of studies including a conservation plan prepared in 1991. In 1993 some conservation work was carried out on the blacksmiths building and quarters. The buildings have continued to suffer through storms which are common in this area due to the thermal conditions.</p><br>
<p>Although the homestead complex serves an area very much reduced from the original holding, it continues its original role as it has for over one hundred years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Elderslie Homestead is located near the confluence of the Western River and Wokingham Creek, three kilometres north west of the residual sandstone outcrop of Mt Booka Booka. Only this outcrop and the slight rise on which the homestead is located break the horizontal plane of the surrounding landscape. The homestead gardens provide a striking contrast to the sparse natural vegetation of the area.</p><br>
<p>The complex comprises accommodation and working buildings. Three buildings constructed from Booka Booka sandstone remain. These are the main house, quarters and blacksmith&#39;s building. There is also a timber and metal meat house and visible sites of several other structures. The main house is constructed from squared rubble, with dressed faces. Door openings are picked out with finely tooled margins. This method of construction is more refined than that used for the other buildings which are of coursed rubble. The original 1881 section was essentially a one room deep rectangular structure with verandahs to all sides. An early wing was added to the north west side to form an L-shape and the verandah has been extended to encircle this addition. The construction techniques used for the addition are cruder, using random rubble stone, rendered and struck to imitate ashlar. The hipped roof is sheeted with corrugated iron. The rooms have concrete floors and rendered walls, most of which open out on to the verandahs but are not interconnecting. The main rooms are lined and ceiled with pressed metal panelling. Three of the rooms have fireplaces. The entire verandah is enclosed with flyscreens.</p><br>
<p>The blacksmiths shop is a long rectangular building constructed of coursed rubble sandstone bocks laid straight on the ground. It has an iron roof and an encircling verandah set on a hardwood frame. Most of the verandah posts have been replaced with steel posts. The building has three similarly sized rooms at the eastern end, comprising a butchers, store and office. At the western end are the former stables and between there is a semi-open area which was the blacksmiths shop and harness room.</p><br>
<p>The quarters provided accommodation for senior staff and consists of two equally sized rooms separated by a wall with a double fireplace. The construction is similar to that of the blacksmith&#39;s shop with coursed rubble walls and a hipped roof sheeted with corrugated iron. Verandahs surround the building. The roof frame and verandah posts are of bush timber. The interior of both rooms are rendered and show traces of lime wash. Both rooms have stone paved floors.</p><br>
<p>The meat house is a lightweight structure to the north of the quarters. It has flat steel sheets over a hardwood frame reaching to high sills and is flyscreened above. The roof and verandah are framed in hardwood and sheeted with corrugated iron which replaced the original thatched roof.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings on site include a cowshed to the north of the main group, tankstands possibly dating to the early 1900s and a garage and prefabricated steel shed for machinery and vehicles.</p><br>
<p>There is a small cemetery near the homestead complex. Records suggests that it was first used in 1882.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Elderslie Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Elderslie Homestead is important in demonstrating how European settlement spread in remote parts of Queensland through exploration and pastoral usage, followed by closer settlement and the growth of service towns. The town of Winton is located near the site of the original homestead and may well have affected the choice of location for the homestead complex.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is rare in Queensland to find intact and substantial stone buildings from this era in such a remote setting.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The buildings and the sites for previous structures, including accommodation and working buildings, gardens, graves, fences and mature trees. have the potential to contribute to our understanding of how such pastoral stations functioned and to demonstrate their principal characteristics over the hundred and twenty years in which the homestead has been in use.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The buildings and the sites for previous structures, including accommodation and working buildings, gardens, graves, fences and mature trees. have the potential to contribute to our understanding of how such pastoral stations functioned and to demonstrate their principal characteristics over the hundred and twenty years in which the homestead has been in use.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Elderslie homestead makes an important aesthetic contribution to the landscape, its low and simple buildings and the use of sandstone from Mt Booka Booka forming a harmonious link between this dominant geographical feature and the flat and barren landscape of the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As the first station in the far north west, Elderslie has special connection to the people of Winton, whose main street is named in its honour, and with those pioneers of the pastoral industry within and around Elderslie&#39;s boundaries.</p><br>
<p>Corfield & Fitzmaurice Store is a heritage-listed former general store and now visitor centre at 63 Elderslie Street, Winton, Shire of Winton, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1916. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current 1916 building is the latest in a succession of Corfield & Fitzmaurice stores on the same site which established the main street of Winton.</p><br>
<p>The first pastoral run in the area was taken up around 1866 and the first lease was granted in 1873. Robert Allen, who also acted as an unofficial postmaster, had established a store and a basic hotel at Pelican Water Hole in 1876. This area proved to be subject to flooding, so when a site was surveyed for a township in 1878, a place about a mile away was selected. It was called Winton, after Allen&#39;s home in England. William Henry Corfield, who had been in the carrying business since the mid 1860s, formed a partnership with Robert Fitzmaurice to set up a store and hotel in the proposed new town.</p><br>
<p>The partners left Townsville in July 1878 with a load of goods and set up a primitive store of saplings and tarpaulin, placing it by agreement in line with Allens relocated building and Lynetts store. This row of buildings became the basis for the main street of Winton. Corfield returned to Townsville with a backload of wool and came back with timber, iron and a billiard table for a new hotel, to be known as the North Gregory Hotel. Fitzmaurice then went to Townsville to collect his wife and child and to bring the materials necessary to construct a more permanent store building. Both buildings were completed by 1879 and did well. Winton was gazetted as a town in the same year and the streets were named after surrounding runs including Elderslie Street where the store is located.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 the first land sales were held and Corfield and Fitzmaurice purchased the block on which their store stood. Winton flourished and soon had two stores, three hotels, a court house, bank and post office. By 1883 the population was 300 and increasing rapidly. In 1884 Fitzmaurice lost his sight and Corfield bought him out, selling the hotel on. He then went into partnership with W.M. Campbell. The transport company of Cobb and Co set up a depot in Winton in 1885 and Corfield became their agent. In 1888 he entered politics as a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Gregory, but in 1898 his partner became ill and Corfield returned to active participation in the business. Additions were carried out to the Corfield and Fitzmaurice store in 1899 by the Townsville architects Tunbridge and Tunbridge. This store was destroyed by fire in 1916 and was rebuilt. After Campbells death, Thomas James ORourke went into partnership with Corfield and was still so in 1921 when Corfield wrote the book Reminiscences of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>"Corfield and Fitzmaurice" remained a general store and warehouse supplying the surrounding area with a diverse range of goods and almost anything could be ordered through them. Orders were despatched to Brisbane and returned via rail or road. The store proper housed grocery, household goods and drapery sections and sheds to the rear of the store held liquor, grain and farming implements. A sample room was also provided in one of these sheds where commercial travellers could display their goods. Corfield and Fitzmaurice became a well-known and important store in the area and shopping there was also a social occasion for families from outlying areas.</p><br>
<p>The Corfield and Fitzmaurice Store ceased trading in 1987. In April 1994 the building reopened as the Corfield and Fitzmaurice Winton Tourism Development Centre Association. It is used to display and sell locally-made craft items and features a display based on the store&#39;s history.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Corfield and Fitzmaurice Store is a large, timber framed building which is square in plan. The sides and rear of the building are clad with corrugated iron, as is the saw tooth roof. There are windows running along the sides high in the wall to supply good natural light to the interior. The street elevation of the building is more decorative and prestigious in appearance, being of timber and featuring a large expanse of display windows separated into two main sections by deeply recessed entrances. There is a small office on the right hand side of the building which is reached through a panelled door with a narrow sash window beside it. The shop front is shaded by a bull-nosed awning clad in corrugated iron and is supported by pairs of timber posts set in concrete blocks, probably an adaptation as the bases of the posts decayed. A decorative cast iron valance runs between the posts. The deep parapet above the awning is galvanised iron and features a pair of triangular pediments with the dates 1878 and 1916 above a deep entablature that carries the inscription "Corfield and Fitzmaurice Merchants". A stepped parapet completes the striking effect. At the rear of the building is an attached cold room clad in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>Internally the store appears to be largely intact and retains such features as early, long timber counters and timber storage shelving attached to the walls. A cash railway, known as a "flying fox", for transporting cash and receipts between the counter and a central timber office raised to mezzanine level still survives. The store is currently used for displays of local crafts, gemstones and minerals and a dinosaur diorama.</p><br>
<p>Behind the building are three rectangular storage sheds. They are set at right angles to the store and are set on low stumps and sheeted and roofed in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Corfield & Fitzmaurice Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Corfield and Fitzmaurice Store is situated on land which has been the site of a store in Winton from the nineteenth century, and as such, demonstrates the development of the town as a commercial centre for the Western Plains district.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Corfield and Fitzmaurice store is rare for the intactness of its interior space complete with many fittings such as shelves, display cabinets and counters for a traditional range of merchandise organised into departments. In particular the cash railway, or flying fox dispenser, is a rare example in situ of money handling technology of the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Corfield and Fitzmaurice Store is an excellent and well preserved example of the kind of variety store and warehouse which provided a vital service to country areas in the supply of goods and services.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The elegant and well preserved shop front of Corfield and Fitzmaurice is a landmark in Winton and makes as major contribution to the character of its main street.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has special associations with the life and work of its original owners William Henry Corfield and Robert Fitzmaurice who were instrumental in the founding of Winton.</p><br>
<p>Caloundra Lighthouses are a heritage-listed pair of lighthouses at 6 Arthur Street and 3 Canberra Terrace, Kings Beach, Caloundra, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. The first, known as the Old Caloundra Light, was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1896; the second, New Caloundra Light, was built in 1968. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Caloundra Head Lighthouses played an integral role in Queenslands system of coastal navigation aids from the 1890s to the 1970s and remain prominent landmarks from Moreton Bay and in the Caloundra district. From construction of the first lighthouse in 1896 through to the decommissioning of the second (1968) lighthouse in 1978 the lights on Caloundra Head guided mariners to the northern entrance to the North West Channel – the safest, most reliable and consequently the most used entry channel to the Port of Brisbane. Despite no longer operating as lighthouses, community support for the conservation of both structures has ensured their survival, while the image of the 1896 lighthouse, Caloundras oldest surviving structure, has endured as one of the most significant symbols of the town.</p><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>When Queensland separated from New South Wales in 1859 the new colony had only one lightstation: Cape Moreton Light on Moreton Island, which had a stone lighthouse erected in 1856. (The Raine Island Beacon constructed in 1844 by the British navy was no longer in use.) This situation was untenable for a colony that relied heavily on coastal shipping. In the 1860s and 1870s the expansion of pastoral and mining activity in northern Queensland led to the establishment of new coastal ports to service the developing hinterlands and the provision of coastal navigation aids became essential.</p><br>
<p>In 1864 the Queensland Government appointed a select committee to investigate the state of harbours and rivers in the colony. A direct outcome of this inquiry was the construction of the Bustard Head Light south-east of Gladstone in 1867/68 and a lighthouse at Sandy Cape in 1870 - the first lighthouses built by the Queensland colonial government. These were prefabricated iron-framed structures with bolted or riveted cast-iron plate cladding and internal iron staircases, the whole imported from England.</p><br>
<p>By 1873, the year of the inaugural Intercolonial Coast Lighthouse Conference in Sydney, Queensland had 39 lights along its coastline. The conference was the first attempt to coordinate coastal lights and signals around Australia. Recommendations included the need for more coastal lights in Queensland. Although there was general agreement on the recommendations, there were no moves by any of the colonies to cede their control of lighthouses and other coastal signals to a centralised body or to adopt standardised designs for coastal lights. Lighthouse design continued to take into account local conditions and readily available building materials. Often the local materials were augmented with specialised fittings such as stairways, lantern rooms, lenses, and clock work mechanisms from overseas companies.</p><br>
<p>For the third lighthouse built by the Queensland colonial government (Lady Elliot Island Light erected on Lady Elliott&#39;s Island in 1872/73), Colonial Architect FDG Stanley designed a structure which utilised readily available local timber, specifying a hardwood frame clad with plated iron sheeting. This reduced the cost of construction, and despite problems of termite infestation and rusting, this type of construction, or its derivative, a wooden frame with corrugated galvanised iron sheeting, became the standard for subsequent nineteenth century Queensland lighthouses. Between 1873 and 1901, 14 lighthouses were constructed in Queensland using hardwood framing and plated iron sheeting, and another 7 were constructed with hardwood frames and corrugated iron cladding. The latter were associated mostly with harbour entrances and included: Little Sea Hill Light (1876 – relocated); Grassy Hill Light (1886 – active); Goods Island Light (1886 – active); Bay Rock Light (1886 – inactive – relocated); Caloundra Head Light (1896 – inactive); North Point Hummock Light (1899 – demolished); Gatcombe Head Light (1900 – demolished). An eighth lighthouse of this type, Bulwer Island Light, was constructed at Bulwer Island in the Brisbane River in 1912, but is now inactive has been relocated.</p><br>
<p>From 1846, when declared a port of entry, Brisbane/Moreton Bay had been the principal port of Queensland. By the late 1850s the main northern channel lay about half a nautical mile west of Moreton Island and was marked by Cape Moreton Light, the lightship Rose, and covered lights: Comboyuro Point Light, North Point Light and Cowan Cowan Light. In 1879 George Poynter Heath, Portmaster of Queensland from 1862 to 1890 and Chairman of the Queensland Marine Board from 1869 to 1890, sounded a new channel from Caloundra Head along the eastern shore of Bribie Island to provide a deep water entry to the Port of Brisbane. This North West Channel quickly proved to be the safest and most reliable deep water entrance to the port, but remained unlit until 1896 when two leading lights on Bribie Island and at Caloundra Head (marking the entrance to the channel), were completed.</p><br>
<h3>Old Caloundra Lighthouse</h3><br>
<p>A 25 acre (10ha) Lighthouse Reserve had been proclaimed when the town of Caloundra was surveyed in 1883 but was never used. Instead, in the mid-1890s a site of little over half an acre (0.275ha) was chosen on land owned by Robert Bulcock, where he had built an observation platform on the highest portion of his property during the early 1880s, reputedly to keep watch for enemy ships during the "Russian Scare". Early photographs show that the first Caloundra Head Lighth was built close to Bulcock&#39;s observation platform, which stood to the south-west on what is now Canberra Terrace.</p><br>
<p>The lighthouse reserve was formally transferred to the Crown in 1896/97 and early in 1896 the Department of Harbours and Rivers called tenders for the construction of two lighthouse towers and cottages on Bribie Island and a lighthouse tower and cottage at Caloundra Head. Materials were shipped by barge from Brisbane and department officers supervised the erection of the lightstations using day labour. The Caloundra Head Lighthouse was a hardwood-framed structure, clad with corrugated iron. A fourth order dioptric apparatus, which operated by concentrating light by refraction, was imported from Chance Bros & Co near Birmingham. The towers for the two leading lights on Bribie Island were of a much simpler construction: open timber frames that could be moved as the channel changed.</p><br>
<p>The first light keeper at the Caloundra Head Lightstation was appointed when the light became operational in September 1896. One room of his cottage functioned as a postal receiving office, complete with telegraph facilities, with the light keeper appointed as the receiving office keeper. In 1910 the telegraph service was discontinued but was replaced by a telephone service in 1912. The post office remained at the lighthouse until 1934 and as a result, a rough track along the ridge was created by a steady stream of local residents, helping to foster closer settlement around the lighthouse in the immediate years after its erection. This rough track eventually became Canberra Terrace. As a married man with a large family, the arrival of the first lightkeeper also led to the establishment of the first Caloundra School, which for several months in the late 1890s was conducted at the light keeper&#39;s cottage.</p><br>
<p>An incandescent vapour light, the first of its kind in Queensland, was purchased from Chance Brothers and installed in 1910 and by 1912 its 1400 candle power was visible at least 22 to 25 miles out to sea. Many mariners considered it the best light on the Queensland coast and the key to successfully traversing Moreton Bay. As a result, by 1920 all vessels entering and leaving the Port of Brisbane at night had to use the North West Channel.</p><br>
<p>Following the passage of the 1912 Commonwealth Navigation Act, from 1 July 1915 Queensland handed over responsibility for its 30 manned lights and 37 unattended lights, beacons, and buoys to the Australian Government, who constructed additional lightstatons and made substantial upgrades to existing lights, with many lighthouses converted to unattended acetylene lights. The bulk of the expenditure was concentrated north of Cooktown where seven new lighthouses were constructed to guide ships through the Torres Strait and the Great Barrier Reef. Manned lighthouses were phased out in favour of less expensive, utilitarian-designed, unmanned structures.</p><br>
<p>Caloundra Head Lighthouse continued to signal the entrance to the North West Channel to the Port of Brisbane and by 1929 investment in new navigation marks and dredging to increase the depth of the channel ensured that most of the larger ships entering Brisbane used this channel.</p><br>
<p>The lighthouse also played an important role in the development of tourism on the North Coast (now Sunshine Coast). From as early as the 1880s holiday makers were travelling to Caloundra by boat or by rail to Landsborough then overland to Caloundra and staying in one of the early guesthouses or camping grounds. "Lighthouse Hill" became well known as a lookout and beauty spot, a place to which tourists and visiting dignitaries alike were taken to see the view, and take a photograph from Bulcock&#39;s observation platform (which still existed in the early 1900s). The image of the lighthouse became a symbol of Caloundra, used on promotional material, estate maps, tourist brochures and postcards. With the improvement of roads in the 1930s, Caloundra became more popular as a tourist destination and underwent a period of rapid expansion.With the advent of hostilities in south-east Asia and the Pacific in 1940 during World War II the operation of all Australian coastal lights was controlled by the Royal Australian Navy. With Brisbane becoming a major disembarkation point for soldiers and supplies for the war effort, the North West Channel through Moreton Bay became the only entrance to the Port making it a well used and vital route. For security purposes ships entering and leaving the channel had to travel in convoys and it was a common sight to see a host of vessels waiting off Caloundra Head to form a convoy before continuing to the Port of Brisbane or their next destination. For security purposes the channel was moved further east, away from the Bribie Island coast.</p><br>
<p>For the greater part of World War II the Royal Australian Navy set up an observation post within the grounds of the Caloundra Head Lighthouse reserve. Twenty-four hour watches were kept, and display of the light to shipping was controlled. The light was converted to 240 volt mains power in 1942 and a petrol standby engine was added. The lighthouse no longer needed to be manned, so the Coastal Artillery occupied the lightkeeper&#39;s cottage and oversaw the operation of the light.</p><br>
<p>After the war the Caloundra Head Lighthouse remained unmanned. The lightkeeper&#39;s cottage, no longer needed, was sold to a private owner and moved down the hill to Upper Gay Terrace in 1946 (this building was extant in 2009, but greatly modified). Canberra Terrace was widened and underwent a number of improvements, and by 1950 the unused northern portion of the lighthouse reserve had been opened as a public park, with the area around the lighthouse fenced off. The lighthouse image continued to be used on tourist brochures, pamphlets and postcards. Caloundra Primary School (and later the High School) adopted the lighthouse as its school crest with the motto "Giving Light". Various clubs and societies, such as the Caloundra Bowls Club, also adopted stylised versions of the lighthouse in their logos.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 the North West Channel was still the most used entrance to the Port of Brisbane. During the 1960s change and development in Australian industry and trade had a marked influence on the shipping industry. With the advent of road and rail transportation many of the smaller coastal ships became obsolete but the increase in large container ships meant that passages such as Moreton Bay&#39;s deep North West Channel became even more important.</p><br>
<h3>New Caloundra Lighthouse</h3><br>
<p>In May 1966 the Australian Government, responding to the changing nature of international shipping, granted permission for the Queensland Government to construct a composite structure comprising lighthouse, signal station and radar station, on the lighthouse reserve at Caloundra Head. The new structure was part of a pilot station scheme based at the Mooloolah River, and was to serve as a guide to the North West Channel and a signal light for Caloundra Harbour. Fully completed and operational by 1968, the new lighthouse was erected close to the 1896 lighthouse and for a time the two towers stood side by side. Constructed in reinforced concrete, the new lighthouse resembled an airport control tower. A new light that used a revolving table and comprised two stacks of sealed beam lamps was designed and installed. It was manned 24 hours a day and four houses were built outside the reserve to accommodate the staff and their families. A similar signal station tower was constructed at Lytton Hill, making the Caloundra tower one of only two of this type built in Australia. With the Lytton Hill tower being demolished in the 1990s, the Caloundra tower remains the only surviving example.</p><br>
<p>In Queensland, the Australian Government constructed seven concrete lighthouses between 1964 and 1979: Cape Capricorn Light (1964); Caloundra Head (1968); Point Danger Light (New South Wales, 1971); New Burnett Heads Light (1971); Fitzroy Island Light (1973); Point Cartwright Light (1978); and Archer Point Light (1979). In the 1980s, as lights became unmanned and automatic, the emphasis shifted to less expensive structures with shorter lifespans.</p><br>
<p>The new light at Caloundra Head had a relatively short working life, with nearby high-rise residential unit development obscuring views of the light from sea and rendering it ineffective. Downgraded, the 1968 light was transferred on a reduced area of land (868m) to the Queensland Treasury in 1974 and it continued to operate as a harbour light and signal station. A new tower, Point Cartwright Light, constructed at the mouth of the Mooloola River at Point Cartwright in 1978 took over the role of lighting the North West Channel. In 1992 the function of the Caloundra Signal Station was replaced by an automatic radar/microwave link unit on the roof of units at Wickham Point to the east, resulting in the station being de-manned. In the late 1990s the light was replaced by a beacon on Wickham Point. Some radio equipment was left in operation at the Caloundra Signal Station, which is still used by local emergency services.</p><br>
<h3>Survival of the Old Caloundra Lighthouse</h3><br>
<p>Upon completion of the new lighthouse and signal station in 1968, the 1896 Caloundra Head Lighthouse had been threatened with demolition. To save the structure it was moved in 1970 by the Golden Beach Power Boat Club to Woorim Park, adjacent to their new clubhouse site, where it was hoped it could continue as a tourist attraction. Some attempts were made to conserve the exterior, but, over the decades, continued deterioration and lack of a viable use for the structure meant that its future was threatened again. Several options for relocating the lighthouse were put forward, however the closure of the Caloundra Signal Station in 1992 meant that the option of returning the 1896 lighthouse to its original position on Canberra Terrace became a possibility. After years of lobbying, especially by the Lions Club of Caloundra, and a $50,000 grant from the Caloundra City Council, an attempt to re-locate the lighthouse on 22 March 1999 saw the timber frame give way when the lighthouse was being positioned on a truck. After repairs, the lighthouse was successfully re-positioned on its original site in Canberra Terrace on 11 June 1999. The tower and lantern were restored, including strengthening of the timber structure, replacement and repairs to the cladding, repair of the lantern roof and repainting of the exterior. In late 2007 the Friends of the Caloundra Lighthouses was formed to assist in the conservation of both lights, which were leased to the Sunshine Coast Regional Council in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>At the highest point of the coastal town of Caloundra, located approximately 80km north-east of Brisbane at the northern end of Pumicestone Passage, the two former Caloundra lighthouses stand side by side in a small park. Located close to the heart of town and behind Kings Beach, the site is now surrounded by suburban and medium-rise development, yet maintains extensive views over the city of Caloundra to the ocean, Moreton Island, Pumicestone Passage and the Glasshouse Mountains. The views obtained from the top of both lighthouses are even more extensive, with glimpses of Point Cartwright possible from the top level of the Signal Station. The two lighthouses are clearly visible from many vantage points around Caloundra, particularly in the vicinity of Kings Beach.</p><br>
<p>The rectangular-shaped site, as encompassed by the heritage boundary and corresponding almost exactly with the 1896 extent of the lighthouse reserve, covers an area of 868 square metres and is orientated north–south. It is divided into two lots – the present day (2009) Lighthouse Reserve at the southern end (1/RP135230) and Lions Park at the northern end (2/RP135230). The western boundary is defined by Canberra Terrace, which leads down into the main commercial spine of Caloundra, Bulcock Street. The northern boundary is made by Arthur Street, a long straight road descending steeply from the intersection with Canberra Terrace at the north-western corner of the park. Single residences occupy the allotments to the east of the site, while a number of medium-rise residential unit blocks have been built from the adjacent property to the south down Canberra Terrace.</p><br>
<h3>Lighthouse reserve</h3><br>
<p>The Lighthouse Reserve (1/RP135230) is an open grassed area, sloping down to the east and south. It contains the 1896 lighthouse (currently known as the Old Caloundra Head Lighthouse), 1968 lighthouse and signal station (currently known as the Caloundra Signal Station) and a brick generator shed, all clustered together near the Canberra Terrace boundary. A concrete slab from a previous auxiliaries building and some concrete footings (possibly from the original signals mast) are also located within the allotment.</p><br>
<h4>1896 Lighthouse</h4><br>
<p>The 1896 lighthouse is a timber-framed structure clad in corrugated iron, standing twelve metres high and capped with a domed lantern. The tower is conical in form with a base diameter of approximately 4.3 metres reducing to a top diameter of 2.26 metres. It has been reinstalled at its original location on a round concrete slab placed over the top of the original 1896 footing when it was returned from Golden Beach in 1999. Corrugations in the iron sheeting taper inwards for the full height of the tower. Most exterior sheeting is early, slip-sheeted in places with zinc sheeting to repair rusted sections. A small timber-framed entry projects from the northern side, clad in corrugated iron with an arched corrugated iron roof. The door is made from tongue and groove boards on a timber frame. Four small, rectangular windows provide daylight to the interior – two at ground level and two corresponding to the level of the central interior platform. They are vertical sliders, framed with cedar and weather-proofed on the exterior by lead flashing. The exterior of the tower is painted white, with the exception of a red border on the entry door.</p><br>
<p>Inside there are two platforms above ground level, accessed by near-vertical timber steps and hatchways in the floors. The tower framework features original components, including: 140mm x 100mm timber stud work; circular girts made from beech; a combination of diagonal timber bracing and steel spiral strapping; timber floor joists on each level supported on a circular steel angle; and floors lined with wide tongue and groove boards. A small number of timber components were replaced after the 1999 move when the tower was damaged, and some steel bracket work was installed. The steel, angled bottom plate and tie-down brackets bolting the structure to the slab also date from, with some original brackets remaining as examples. Some early timber shelving remains, as well as some of the 1940s electrical conduit, wiring and switches (no longer in use). Signage and a safety strap on the top ladder have been introduced since restoration of the structure in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The lantern room with hemispherical dome roof sits on top of the tower and is accessed via a hatchway in the floor which is lined with lead. All optics have been removed from the lantern, but a pedestal similar to the original has been recently installed. The cylindrical lantern base is constructed from 4.5mm thick steel plates, with a hatch door on the northern side to allow access to the exterior gallery. Its middle section consists of eight trapezoidal frames, five of which are glazed. The remaining three frames (on the western side) are filled with galvanized sheeting with diagonal bracing. The dome is made from eight steel segments bolted together with additional bar stiffeners. It is painted red on the exterior and topped with a ventilator cowl. The narrow gallery that encircles the lantern has a hardwood timber floor supported by cast iron brackets, and a lightweight tubular balustrade, also painted red.</p><br>
<h4>1968 Lighthouse and signal station</h4><br>
<p>The 1968 signal station stands approximately four metres to the north-west of the 1896 lighthouse. It consists of a square concrete tower supporting a multi-faceted, D-shaped observation room with a lantern mounted on the roof. The overall height of the structure is approximately 14m and the rounded side of the observation room faces east. The tower base measures 2.7m and features a rectangular window on each face (at various heights in line with the internal staircase). Angled, reinforced concrete beams cantilever out from the tower base and support the overhanging concrete floor slab of the observation room and its balcony. The observation room features a continuous band of windows around its eastern sides, while four individual windows pierce the straight concrete western wall.</p><br>
<p>From the ground level entrance door on the western side of the tower, a spiral concrete staircase with steel tubular handrail winds around a central service duct before arriving in the near-centre of the observation room. Apart from an enclosed toilet in the north-west corner, the observation room is an open space with a central pillar that contains cavities for services that link to the roof level. Fixed angled glazing wraps around the north, east and south sides. A set of recent laminated cabinetry sits below the observation windows along the north-east. Original metal window frames on the western wall are a mixture of mid-point pivoting and fixed panes, while more recent aluminium-framed windows are found in the toilet. Floors are lined with linoleum and a system of suspended ceiling panels conceals the underside of the concrete roof slab. A recent sink and cupboard sits up against the southern wall of the toilet. All original communications equipment has been removed. Access to the external balcony, which wraps around all sides except the straight, western edge, is through a single door in the south-west corner. This timber door retains the original separate screen door. The narrow balcony has a concrete floor and a balustrade made from two tubular steel rails and widely separated balusters covered in asbestos cement sheeting rendered with pebble-dash on the exterior face. The steel balusters pierce the concrete floor slab and are fixed on the underside.</p><br>
<p>At the far north-west end of the balcony is a steel ladder with safety grille, which provides access to the flat concrete roof of the observation room. A waist-height, tubular metal balustrade, with fibre cement panels attached, runs around the edge of this area, with the lantern that once housed the 1968 sealed beam array light located in the centre. Constructed from concrete with a flat concrete roof, the lantern is a multi-faceted, circular room, narrower at the base than the roof and glazed around the eastern half of its circumference. The trapezoidal window panes are fixed within a steel frame and a door on the south–west side allows access inside. A metal ladder on the north–west side provides access to the roof of the lantern, where radar equipment and aerials are mounted.</p><br>
<h4>generator shed</h4><br>
<p>The former generator shed is a single-storeyed, orange brick building located close to both lighthouses (south of the concrete signal station and east of the old lighthouse). Entrance to the building is through a roller door on the northern facade. The flat concrete roof overhangs on the north and south sides to form a narrow awning, and a projecting brick sill runs around the building beneath high windows. The interior contains two rooms: a larger room housing a generator, remnant equipment and a workbench; and a smaller room in the north–west corner, accessed by an internal door.</p><br>
<h3>Lions Park</h3><br>
<p>The main feature of Lions Park is a series of long terraces, formed by boulder walls and garden beds that descend the steep slope falling from Canberra Terrace. A number of trees are planted throughout this area, including wind-stunted endemic Eucalypt species and Grevillea robusta. Along the Canberra Terrace boundary is a small car park with a garden bed at the southern end. A sandstone block in this garden displays a plaque containing historical information about the lighthouses. To the east of the garden bed is a boulder set in a round concrete footing with a memorial plaque dedicated to World War II servicemen attached (erected 1991). With the exception of the memorial, none of the remainder of these elements is considered to be of state-level cultural heritage significance. It is the extent of the largely undeveloped site (part of the original lighthouse reserve) that is significant, rather than the elements that comprise the park.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Caloundra Lighthouses was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>In their location, materials and design, the Caloundra Lighthouses (constructed in 1896 and 1968) are important in demonstrating aspects of the evolution of marine navigation along the Queensland coast. The first Caloundra Head Lighthouse (1896) marked the entrance to the North West Channel in Moreton Bay, which proved to be the safest, most reliable and consequently the most used entry channel to the Port of Brisbane, Queensland&#39;s premier port since the 1840s. It played an important role in Queensland marine navigation for over 70 years. The second lighthouse (1868) marked the entrance to the main channel for only a decade, but remains important in illustrating the evolution of lighthouse form and function in Queensland. The surrounds correspond to the 1896–1974 lighthouse reserve.</p><br>
<p>The 1896 lighthouse at Caloundra Head is important for its association with the development of Caloundra as a coastal settlement and early tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The 1896 lighthouse structure remains substantially intact, and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a type of lighthouse construction – a conical, timber-framed tower clad with corrugated iron – unique to Queensland. Less than a dozen of this specific type of lighthouse were constructed in Queensland in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Two of these have been demolished; three have been relocated and are no longer active; one remains in situ but is no longer active (Caloundra Head (1896) which, although removed from the site in 1970, was returned to its original location in 1999); and two are known to remain active and in situ: Grassy Hill (1886, Grassy Hill Light) at Cooktown and Goods Island (1886) in the Torres Strait.</p><br>
<p>The 1968 lighthouse and signal station is one of only two constructed to this design in Australia, the only one to survive, and one of a small number of concrete lighthouses built in Queensland. In the combination of lighthouse, signals and radar functions in the one structure, the 1968 lighthouse and its ancillary generator shed are important in demonstrating the range of lightstation structures designed for particular locations.</p><br>
<p>Together, the two lighthouses on Caloundra Head, which are both substantially intact examples of their type, are important in demonstrating the evolution of lighthouse design in Queensland between the 1890s and 1970s, and offer a rare opportunity for close comparison.</p><br>
<p>The lighthouse surrounds (reserve and public park) correspond to the 1896–1974 lighthouse reserve, and are important in demonstrating the area needed for a manned lightstation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Caloundra Lighthouses on their hilltop setting remain a physical and aesthetic marker of Caloundra.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The 1896 Caloundra Head lighthouse has a strong association for generations of tourists who have visited Caloundra, as a symbol of the town and a vantage point from which to survey the coast and hinterland. Located on a prominent site in a town that developed largely due to tourism, the old lighthouse on the hill was one of the most visited and most photographed early tourist attractions in Caloundra.</p><br>
<p>The 1896 lighthouse also has strong social significance for Sunshine Coast residents. As the only town on the Sunshine Coast to possess a lighthouse, it was a source of pride for the community and helped to distinguish Caloundra from other coastal settlements. Both the symbolic and functional nature of the 1896 lighthouse contributed to Caloundra&#39;s sense of identity as a popular seaside resort with a role in navigating the North West Channel into Brisbane. The symbolic nature of the lighthouse is evidenced by its depiction on tourist brochures, logos and crests throughout the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Lake Wononscopomuc is a lake located in the Lakeville section of Salisbury, Connecticut, United States. It has the distinction of being the deepest natural lake in the state.</p><br>
<p>Also known as Wononskopomuc Lake or Lakeville Lake, Lake Wononscopomuc is a natural, marl lake that supports a diverse community of aquatic plants. The town beach and a boat launch are on the lake’s north shore. The boathouse and private beach of the Hotchkiss School are on the lake&#39;s south shore.</p><br>
<p>Access to the 348-acre lake is monitored because of fears that the invasive zebra mussel will be introduced on boats or trailers from nearby Twin Lakes. The area around the lake is residentially developed, although the houses are on large lots, and most are set far back from the lake behind tree buffers. The maximum depth of the lake is 102 feet, and mean depth is 36 feet.</p><br>
<p>Elk Mountain is a summit in Routt County, Colorado. The mountain lies to the northwest of Steamboat Springs and is easily seen from the city, especially from along Lincoln Avenue , Steamboat&#39;s main street. The mountain is also easily seen from Mount Werner, the home of the Steamboat Ski Resort.</p><br>
<p>The Elk River flows near the mountain just before its confluence with the Yampa River in the Yampa Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Legends and names</h2><br>
<p>Locals refer to the mountain as "The Sleeping Giant," due to its resemblance to the profile of a prone person at sleep when viewed from Mount Werner or Steamboat Springs, and have created legends to explain this appearance.</p><br>
<p>There are at least six other summits also named Elk Mountain in Colorado. This Elk Mountain in Routt County is not part of the Elk Mountains in West Central Colorado. Instead, it is one of the easternmost peaks in the Elkhead Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Heights, also known as the Thaddeus Chapman House is a historic country estate on Vermont Route 30  in Middlebury, Vermont. Developed in the 1870s and 1880s, the property is one of the finest estates of the period in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Heights is located on the southwestern outskirts of the village of Middlebury, beyond the main campus of Middlebury College and West Cemetery, on the west side of Vermont Route 30 opposite the colleges athletic complex. It was developed beginning in 1870 by Thaddeus Chapman, a prominent local businessman in the lumber industry. The 40 acre estate is lined at the road with trees and a hedgerow, with a long tree-lined drive angling westward toward the main house. Meadows extend on either side of the drive, and the rear portion of the estate is wooded, with the central area near the house more formally designed. In addition to the main house, there are a number of period outbuildings, including a carriage barn, childrens playhouse, springhouse, and gas house. Northwest of the house is a terraced sunken garden.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a large 2-1/2 story brick building, built in 1870 and significantly restyled in 1887 to designs by the noted local architect Clinton Smith. Its exterior and interior are both richly decorated in the then-fashionable Queen Anne style. The playhouse, about 100 ft north of the house, is a modest single-story wood frame structure, built by Thaddeus Chapman for his daughters about 1887. The carriage barn is a multisection structure, its oldest portion dating to 1870, that originally held spaces for horses and carriages, and was later expanded to include a garage and shed.</p><br>
<p>Gorg Blau is an artificial reservoir on the island of Majorca in the Balearic Islands, located in valleys between the Puig Major & Puig de Massanella. With Cúber, since 1971, it provides water to the city of Palma and the surrounding areas.</p><br>
<p>The torrent which starts at the reservoir, named the Gorg Blau Torrent or Sa Fosca Torrent, finishes in the Pareis Torrent. It was declared a natural monument by the Balearic Islands Government in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>The first Gorg Blau</h2><br>
<p>Until 1971, the name Gorg Blau referred to the thinnest place of the Pareis Torrent, which is the place that crossed the Sóller street by a bridge. Next to that bridge, a tunnel was drilled by the finally of save the cars. In the place named Cals Reis, in 1906, an electric central was building which it uses the water.</p><br>
<p>Before the reservoirs creation, the place became famous by the conjunction of the elevation of the torrents walls, the blue of the waters & the bridge, which inspired artists such as poets, photographers or painters, a success that gave the place touristic quality and postcard photo.</p><br>
<p>The Strafford Village Historic District encompasses the historic village center of Strafford, Vermont. Founded in 1768, the village center was developed in the 1790s, and saw most of its growth before 1840, resulting in a fine assortment of predominantly Greek Revival buildings. Notable exceptions include the 1799 meetinghouse, and the Justin Smith Morrill Homestead, a fine example of Gothic Revival architecture built by native son Justin Smith Morrill. The district, centered on the town green at the junction of Morrill Highway and Brook Road, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Strafford was chartered in 1768 by Province of New Hampshire governor Benning Wentworth. Its original town center was located north of the present one, which grew in importance because of the presence of the meetinghouse and the location of the turnpike (now Morrill Highway) between Montpelier, Vermont and Boston, Massachusetts. The area was economically boosted in the 1820s by the discovery of copper ore in the surrounding hills, but declined after larger deposits were found in the American Midwest in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Straffords village center is defined by a triangular green, formed by the Y-shaped junction of the Justin Morrill Smith Highway (running north-south) and Brook Road (running roughly northwest). At the large northern end of the triangle stands the 1799 meetinghouse, a fine example of Federal period architecture externally, with late 19th-century interior decoration. Facing the green and extending a short way beyond are a number of residences, typically one and two stories in height, and of wood construction with Greek Revival styling. Near the southern end of the district stands the Morrill Homestead, a National Historic Landmark that is also a state historic site open to the public during the warmer months of the year. Just north of the Morrill Homestead stands the towns present library, a 1915 Colonial Revival building. Its first library building, built in the 19th century and located on the west side of the green, now houses town offices. On the east side of the green, standing among residences, is the Greek Revival Union Church.</p><br>
<p>The Weston Village Historic District encompasses the town center and principal village of Weston, Vermont. Centered on Farrar Park, which serves as the town green, it includes a diversity of architectural styles from the late 18th century to about 1935, and includes residential, civic, commercial, industrial and religious buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of West is located in southwestern Windsor County, in a relatively remote valley in the foothills of the Green Mountains. Originally part of Andover to the east, it was separately incorporated in 1799 due to the difficulties associated with crossing the mountain ridge separating the communities. Its main village arose at the confluence of Cold Spring Brook and the West River, where Ezekial Pease built a sawmill about 1780. Peases original house survives as an ell to an early 19th-century Federal style house. In 1795, Oliver Farrar built the tavern that faces the park bearing his familys name; it was the site of Westons first town meeting. The park was formally laid out in the 1880s, at roughly the height of the villages prosperity.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is a roughly Y-shaped area, extending from Farrar Park north and south along Vermont Route 100 (Main Street), and west along Lawrence Hill Road. Its northern extent is the junction of Vermont 100 and Chester Mountain Road, and the western extent is the junction of Lawrence Hill and Trout Brook Roads. Its southern boundary is just south of Mill Lane. Most of the buildings in the district are wood frame residences, one and two stories in height. Dominating the view at the center is the theater of the Weston Playhouse Theatre Company, Vermont&#39;s oldest performing company. Public buildings include the Colonial Revival town office building, the Wilder Memorial Public Library, and the Italianate former Weston School. One prominent brick house is the John Wilder House on Lawrence Hill Road, which was separately listed on the National Register in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Clunie Water is a river of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is a tributary of the River Dee, joining the river at Braemar, among grey stone buildings. Callater Burn is a tributary of the Clunie; the confluence is at Auchallater. The river flows alongside the A93 road.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges and pathways</h2><br>
<p>Further south of Auchallater in the Glen of Clunie is Fraser&#39;s Bridge, a 100 ft long segmented arch bridge, measuring 15 ft 4 inches between its parapets. A Grade B listed building, it was completed in around 1749. On a 1776 Taylor and Skinner Map it was labelled "East Bridge".</p><br>
<p>In June 2010, a new 1,200 m link path opened, leading from Highland Society Bridge over Clunie Water to the Glenshee Road.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>During the fishing season, from March to September, permits are granted for fishing brown trout along the river.</p><br>
<p>The Hawley&#39;s Ferry House, also known just as the Hawley House, is a historic house on the shore of Lake Champlain in Kingsland Bay State Park, Ferrisburgh, Vermont. Built about 1790, it is one of the few surviving 18th-century buildings on the Vermont side of the lake. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Kingsland Bay is a north-facing inlet on the east side of Lake Champlain, at a point where the lake briefly bends eastward. The bay is flanked by Hurlburt Point to the west and Macdonough Point to the east, both of which are contained in Kingsland Bay State Park, a day-use facility operated by the state. The Hawley House is located on the west side of Macdonough Point, where most of the park facilities are located. It is a 2-1/2 story gable-roofed structure, built out of local stone. Its walls are fairly uniformly 2 ft thick. It is five bays wide and three deep, with a central hall plan. A three story tower stands at the northeast corner, added about 1900.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1790 by Gideon Hawley, one of Ferrisburgh&#39;s first settlers. At the time, there were no roads in the area, and commerce on the lake was of vital importance. Hawley began operating a ferry across the lake about that time, which operated until about 1830. By then, roads had been built, to which much commerce moved, and the orientation of lake traffic became more north-south. Macdonough Point was an important militia muster site during the War of 1812 in advance of the important Battle of Plattsburgh. The building was used for many years as a farmhouse by local families, and was converted for use as a girls summer camp called Ecole Champlain about 1924. That property was acquired by the state and became the core of the state park in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Strattons Inn is a historic house on East Street in Brookfield, Vermont. Built in the late 1790s as a tavern located at the junction of two locally important roads, it is a fine example of Federal period architecture, most importantly preserving the inns original tap room. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Stratton&#39;s Inn stands in what is now a remote and rural area of northeastern Brookfield, on the west side of East Street. Just north of the house is a broad bend in the road, from which a former turnpike right-of-way is still discernible, heading southeast. The former inn is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, large central chimney, clapboarded exterior, and stone foundation. The principal entrance is on the east-facing facade, which is five bays wide. The entrance is framed by slender Federal period pilasters, and is topped by a transom window and corniced entablature. Similar but less elaborate entrances are also found on the south and west sides. A 20th-century three-bay garage is attached at a setback on the south side. The interior of the house follows a fairly typical early Federal central-chimney plan, with a narrow entry vestibule with winding staircase in front of chimney, large chambers on either side, and a long chamber behind. The northern chamber was originally finished as a parlor, while the southern one was the tap room. Near the entrance to the vestibule is a closet, providing access to storage under the stairs, from which it is surmised the tavern host dispensed drinks.</p><br>
<p>The inn was most likely built sometime between 1795 and 1798 by Ebenezer Stratton, one of Brookfields first settlers. It was located along what was known as Paines Turnpike, a major north-south route. It is possible that a sign labelled "E. Strattons", found in the Smithsonian Museum of American History, originally hung here. The property served as a stagecoach stop at least until 1838, and remained in the hands of Strattons descendants until 1890, operated mainly as a farm.</p><br>
<p>Begash in an archaeological site in the Koksu River valley in historic Zhetysu, Kazazkstan. The site is situated in piedmont steppes above the Zhalgyzagash River, a tributary of the Koksu River. The people of Begash were transhumant pastoralists who mainly herded sheep and goats. They likely used the site primarily as a place of winter residence. The people of Begash buried their dead first in cist and later in kurgan burials. So far, the earliest direct evidence for domesticated grains in Central Asia can be found at Begash, with the earliest evidence for the presence of both domesticated free-threshing wheat  and broomcorn millet .</p><br>
<h2>Chronology</h2><br>
<p>Begash phase 1a (2460-1950 BC): this is the earliest period, dating from the Middle Bronze Age. A stone structure was found from this period. The first burials, coming from this period, were cist burials. The domesticated animal remains came overwhelming from sheep and goats, with some coming from cattle. Wheat and broomcorn millet seeds were first found from this period.</p><br>
<p>Begash phase 1b (1950-1690 BC): this layer dates from the Late Bronze Age. The domesticated animal remains came from sheep, goats, cattle, horses and dogs.</p><br>
<p>Begash phase 2 (1625-1000 BC): this layer recorded a noticeable decline in usage of the site at Begash. Some bronze artefacts and Fedorovo-type ceramics were found from this period.</p><br>
<p>Begash phase 3a (970-400 BC): this layer dates to the Early Iron Age. A golden hair-ornament was discovered from this period in the burial of a young woman. This period shows evidence of artefacts associated with the Saka culture. Low, stone kurgan burials begin to appear.</p><br>
<p>Begash phase 3b (390 BC-30 AD): A re-intensification of usage occurred at the site during this period. Walled, multi-room houses were built starting from this period. Saka artefacts are also found in this layer.</p><br>
<p>Begash phase 4 (70-550 AD): artefacts associated with Wusun were discovered from this period.</p><br>
<p>Begash phase 5 (1260-1410 AD): people returned to re-use the site heavily during this period.</p><br>
<p>Begash phase 6 (1680-1900 AD)</p><br>
<h2>Crops and domesticated animals</h2><br>
<p>Direct AMS dating of broomcorn millet and wheat seeds from Begash date to around 2460-2150 BC. Most of the seeds were recovered from cist burials, with very few seeds being recovered from hearths. As almost all of the seeds came from burial contexts, the domesticated wheat and millet was most likely primarily used only for ritual purposes.</p><br>
<p>Free threshing wheat, either Triticum aestivum or Triticum turgidum, and broomcorn millet were found in all of the cultural layers at Begash.</p><br>
<p>The early wheat seeds from Begash were small, compact and round. The seeds are morphologically similar to modern Indian dwarf wheat and were similar to the seeds found in early China. The domesticated grains at Begash were not cultivated locally and were likely obtained through trade. Located near the Dzungarian Alatau, Begash is situated along the way on what is described as the "wheat road", a route of likely transmission of wheat and other goods from Western Asia to China.</p><br>
<p>The people of Begash relied mostly on herding, supplemented by limited hunting. The people of Begash herded sheep, goats, cattle, and horses and hunted red deer, goitered gazelle, Siberian ibex, and Argali.</p><br>
<p>Most of the animal remains at Begash came from domesticated animals. Starting from the earliest period at Begash, sheep and goat remains were found most frequently, and remained the primary animal remains found at Begash throughout its entire history. Over time, cattle slowly began to increase and eventually became the third most commonly found domesticated animal remains at Begash. Surprisingly, the presence of horse remains remained rather low at Begash throughout its history, although the presence of horse remains did gradually increase over time, especially from the Iron Age onwards.</p><br>
<p>The people of Begash likely burned dung as fuel.</p><br>
<p>The M.M. Rhodes and Sons Company is a historical button factory complex at 12 Porter Street in Taunton, Massachusetts. Established in 1861 and operational until 2014, it was one of the first successful button manufacturers in the United States. Its surviving factory complex is one of the last early 20th-century complexes left on Taunton&#39;s once heavily industrialized south side. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rhodes Company factory is a complex of seven connected buildings, occupying 1.9 acre on the southeast side of Porter Street, southwest of downtown Taunton. Its main building, constructed in 1880, is a long three-story brick structure oriented perpendicular to the street. The other buildings of the complex are attached to this one, roughly forming a U shape with a central courtyard that is open to Porter Street. The oldest building on the site, which predates its use as a button factory, is a c. 1850 wood frame building that extends along Porter Street southwest of the main building.</p><br>
<p>The M.M. Rhodes and Sons Company was founded in 1861 by Marcus Morton Rhodes, when he first began renting space on this site. Rhodes manufactured a variety of items, including parts for hoop skirts and a variety of nails. He eventually designed a button-making machine, and this became one of the mainstays of the company business after supplies from France were cut off by the 1870 Franco-Prussian War. This prompted him to enlarge the physical plant, building the main plant that served the company until its closure in 2014. It remained a family-run business during this entire period.</p><br>
<p>Kilkieran High Crosses are a group of high crosses which form a National Monument in County Kilkenny, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kilkieran High Crosses are located on the grounds of the former monastery, about 2 km south of Ahenny.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kilkieran was formerly a monastery dedicated to Ciarán of Saighir.</p><br>
<p>The high crosses at Kilkieran were erected in the 9th century, and form part of the West Ossory group, including the Killamery High Cross, Ahenny and Kilree. Local legend claims that the tall North Cross was once destroyed in an act of iconoclasm, but was painstakingly reconstructed in the mid-19th century by blind local stonemason Paddy Laurence, who had lost his sight while working on the Palace of Westminster in London.</p><br>
<h2>Crosses</h2><br>
<p>The crosses are made of sandstone; there are three of them and the fragments of a fourth.</p><br>
<h3>West Cross</h3><br>
<p>The west (decorated) cross is 3.55 m high with a conical cap and is similar to those at Ahenny. Carvings include eight horsemen, chrysanthemums, Celtic interlace and a mitre-like crown.</p><br>
<h3>North Cross</h3><br>
<p>The North (Tall) Cross is 3.5 m tall and is unusually shaped: tall and slender, with short arms and no ring and a circular base, with hatched mouldings on the west face.</p><br>
<h3>Plain Cross</h3><br>
<p>The Plain (East) Cross is 2.8 m tall and undecorated, except for mouldings and a central boss that mimic metalwork, and a heavy mitre-like crown.</p><br>
<h3>Other artefacts</h3><br>
<p>A phallic-shaped standing stone is near the wall, near St. Ciarán&#39;s holy well, which is near a bullaun and a holy water font.</p><br>
<p>Hand&#39;s Cove is a historically significant geographic feature on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain in Shoreham, Vermont. It was from this area that colonial forces led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold crossed the lake for the Capture of Fort Ticonderoga, early in the American Revolutionary War. It is also home to the only known colonial-era blockhouse in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Hands Cove is an inlet on the east side of Lake Champlain, a short way north of Larrabees Point in southwestern Shoreham. Immediately to its north is a shallow rise that projects to the west. The areas first documented settler was John Earl, who owned the land at the time of the American Revolution. After the war it was acquired by Rufus Herrick, and was known for a time as Herricks Cove. In 1793, Nathan Hand purchased the Herrick property, beginning three generations of ownership by the Hand family, which gave the area its present name. Hand&#39;s descendants include Augustus C. Hand and Augustus Noble Hand, noted lawyers and jurists.</p><br>
<p>There are two historically significant buildings on the former Hand property. One is a blockhouse of uncertain construction date, built in part out of heavy beams laid on top of one another, and joined at the corners by dovetail joints. It is set on a foundation that is of possibly greater age, and is built of stone similar to that found at Fort Ticonderoga. A building was documented as standing here at the time of the Allen/Arnold expedition in 1775, but it is unclear if it was this structure, because virtually all structures in this area were reported as destroyed by British raids during the war. A recent property owner suggests that the blockhouse may originally have been located across the lake at Fort Ticonderoga, because its beams are dimensionally similar to those found in the fort.</p><br>
<p>The second building is a brick Greek Revival house, located a short way inland from the blockhouse. Now augmented by a number of additions and farm outbuildings, it was probably built by Nathan Hand&#39;s son Samuel, who succeeded his father in ownership of the property.</p><br>
<p>The Thetford Center Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge, carrying Tucker Hill Road across the Ompompanoosuc River in Thetford, Vermont. It is the state&#39;s only known example of the Haupt patent truss system. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thetford Center Covered Bridge is located a short way west of the village of Thetford Center, spanning the south-flowing Ompompanoosuc River, a tributary of the Connecticut River. The bridge has a span of 128.5 ft, and rests on dry laid stone abutments that have been capped in concrete and a central concrete pier. The bridge is covered by a metal roof and sheated in vertical board siding. The portal ends project beyond the deck by about 1 ft. The deck is now supported by steel I-beams, and the original bridge trusses support only the bridge superstructure. The bridge has a total width of 20.5 ft, with an 18 ft wide roadway (one lane). The bridge trusses are a variant of a multiple kingpost truss. Each truss has verticals and diagonals in that style, but is further augmented by a laminated arch, consisting of heavy planks pegged together.</p><br>
<p>The bridge&#39;s construction date is unknown. It is the only example of the Haupt patent truss known in the state, and may be the only example in the northeastern United States. The alterations made to support the deck with I-beams, including capping the abutments and adding the central pier, were made in 1963.</p><br>
<p>The John Wilder House is a historic house on Lawrence Hill Road in the village center of Weston, Vermont. Built in 1827 for a prominent local politician, it is a distinctive example of transitional Federal-Greek Revival architecture in brick. Some of its interior walls are adorned with stencilwork attributed to Moses Eaton. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John Wilder House stands a short way west of Farrar Park, the village green of Weston, on the north side of Lawrence Hill Road. It is a large brick building, five bays wide, with a front-facing gable roof and granite slab foundation. The front-facing gable is fully pedimented, with two sash windows set in segmented-arch openings below a plaque showing the construction date. On either side are blind half-arches filled with wood panels. Windows on the first two floors are set in similar openings, and the main entrance is set in a large segmented-arch opening, flanked by slender pilasters and sidelight windows, and topped by an arched transom window. The interior is reflective of several periods, having undergone a Colonial Revival redecoration in the early 20th century. Most notable is the stencilwork on the walls of two rooms, which has on a stylistic basis been attributed to the itinerant New Hampshire artist Moses Eaton.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1827 for John Wilder, a Massachusetts native who moved to Weston in 1825. He soon became prominent in local civic affairs, serving on town offices and in the state legislature. The house remained in the hands of Wilder&#39;s descendants until 1981.</p><br>
<p>Clara Castle is a tower house  or peel tower located in County Kilkenny, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Clara Castle is located about 6 km east of Kilkenny City, near one of the headwaters of the Nore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Clara Castle was built in the late 15th/early 16th century by the Shortall family, who lived there until c. 1640. Henry Johnson occupied the castle in the Cromwellian period, and it later passed to the Byrnes; occupants include Anthony Byrne (1656–1720), Lewis Byrne (1690–1766), Mathew Byrne (1694–1754), Anthony Byrne (1725–1810), Michael Byrne (1762–1835).</p><br>
<p>The castle was occupied up until 1905.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Clara Castle is five storeys tall with a vault above the third floor. On the north side is a bawn measuring 10 x 22 m (32 x 72 feet). It retains many of its original oak doors and floor beams.</p><br>
<p>There is a murder-hole above the entrance, which is also protected by a yett and drawbar.</p><br>
<p>The second floor, probably the lord&#39;s chamber, has a hooded chimneypiece, mural passage, garderobe and a small bedroom. It was originally painted blue and one wall has a Crucifixion mural.</p><br>
<p>The floor above, contains a secret chamber.</p><br>
<p>The top floor chamber is the largest and best-lit room in the castle, used for general family living.</p><br>
<p>Its large lintelled fireplace is a secondary insertion, so the fireplace in this room must originally have been in the centre of the floor.</p><br>
<p>The roof above is modern, while the parapets are crenellated in the Irish style with loopholes, alure, machicolation and weeps.</p><br>
<p>Mehmed Paša Sokolovićs Fountain is an Ottoman era fountain in Belgrade. It is located next to the Defterdars Gate near the north-western wall of the Upper Town of Belgrade Fortress. Evliya Çelebi states that the fountain was erected in 1576/77, during the lifetime of Grand Vizier Меhmed Paša Sokolović. The precise position of the fountain does not appear in any cartographic sources until the 17th century. The earliest sketch dates back to a plan from the National library in Paris, from the early 17th century in which the fountain was presented as a rectangular structure with three free sides.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The drinking fountain is located at the remains of the inner rampart, next to the cobblestone path which leads through the Defterdar&#39;s Gate into the Lower Town. It is situated opposite of the Clock Gate and its one side is bricked in the rampart behind it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Out of the once numerous Belgrade fountains, only this one remains standing to this day. However, sharing the destiny of the fortress and following in its transformations, this fountains shape is somewhat altered. The only mention of this fountain from the 16th to the 18th century, was by Evliya Çelebi, who in 1667 mentions it located in a trench around the Narin kale (central fort). The only western source that mentions this fountain is Gerhard Cornelius Van Den Driesch who visited Belgrade in 1719. He mentions a drinking fountain in the Upper Town being supplied by water from an hours walk away.</p><br>
<p>The fountain was buried until 1938 when the first conservation work was done on the object. Additional works were done in 1960. During the archaeological excavations in 1979 the façade with the completely preserved decorative stone slabs was discovered, so as the stone trough. Third side was reburied until the fountain was thoroughly examined in October 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The fountain has a rectangular basis 7,5 metres in length and 6,3 metres in width. In the inside there is a vaulted reservoir of an ellipsoid base which connected to the old Ottoman era water supply. The existing vaulted channel, leaning against the fourth, north-eastern side of the fountain connects to the Austrian era water supply constructed at some time between 1719 and 1739. The entrance to the reservoir through a vault next to the fountain was probably also constructed at that time.</p><br>
<p>The exterior consists of properly processed limestone blocks. In the authentic form, all three free standing facades of the fountain were decorated, and water pipes were placed on them. In the lower part there was a plinth 0,7 metres high, whereas in the upper zone, at 3,9 metres height there was a semi-circular cornice. The former appearance of the facade above this cornice is unknown. The preserved, lateral south-east facade of the fountain was decorated with a niche, around 0,35 metres deep, ending in a Saracen arch. The front south-west facade, being the main facade, was the most representative in decoration. It was decorated with three niches. The central niche was identical to the one on the south-east lateral facade and had a stone basin, but only the rear part in line with the niche was preserved. The central niche was flanked by two smaller, lateral, semi-circular niches, set up above the plinth and each one decorated with a stylized cypress.</p><br>
<p>Меhmed Paša Sokolović&#39;s fountain has cultural, historical and architectural value as a representative and at the same time one of the rare preserved monuments of Ottoman architecture in Belgrade.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>A thorough renovation began in May 2017 and should be finished by October. A 20 m long and 2 m tall wall of the corten steel will be added, for both the esthetic and static purposes. The benches will also be installed.</p><br>
<p>During the digging, several archaeological discoveries were made. Remnants of the Roman castrum, two urns from the Bronze Age and remains of the Neolithic object were discovered. All the findings were conserved and buried again.</p><br>
<p>All Hallows&#39; School Buildings are a heritage-listed group of Roman Catholic private school buildings at 547 Ann Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. They were designed by a number of notable Brisbane architects and were constructed over many years. The earliest is the All Hallows Convent, also known as Adderton. The buildings were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>All Hallows&#39; Convent and School was established in 1863 on Petrie Bight, as the first permanent site of the convent and school of the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland. The site comprises many important buildings reflecting the growth of the school. The arrangement of the site and the buildings thereon reflect the acquisition of land and the introspective nature of the planning of the school.</p><br>
<p>Following the separation of Queensland from New South Wales in 1859, a new Roman Catholic diocese which separated the newly formed Diocese of Queensland from the Diocese of Newcastle. On 14 April 1859 James Quinn, who was residing in Ireland at the time, was appointed the first Bishop of Queensland and arrived in Brisbane on 12 March 1861. Between his appointment and his arrival, Quinn recruited desperately needed clergy and religious Sisters. He arrived in Brisbane with several priests and five Sisters of Mercy, under the guidance of the Mother Superior, Mother Mary Vincent Whitty.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of Mercy were principally a teaching order, founded in Ireland by Catherine McAuley in 1831. The establishment of religious schools in the new colony was seen as a crucial need to instil and strengthen faith in the struggling community described as one in which religion was very secondary and money-making was the object and aim of existence. The day after Mother Vincent&#39;s arrival a deputation from Ipswich requested that the Sisters settle in their town, but accommodation was soon found for the sisters in Brisbane, where the need for them must have been greater felt.</p><br>
<h3>Adderton and the Convent</h3><br>
<p>In December 1863 Bishop Quinn purchased on behalf of the Sisters of Mercy the former home of Dr George Fullerton who had been appointed to the first Legislative Council of Queensland but soon after left for Maranoa. The house, presumably built for Fullerton was known as Adderton and was sold to Quinn for £6000. The house was located on Petrie Bight, across Ann Street from the Bishops own rented residence, Dara, and these two properties were considered two of the largest and best appointed homes in Brisbane at the time. On their arrival the Sisters had been provided with only temporary accommodation near St Stephens church. Adderton was to be used as a convent for the Sisters of Mercy, and as accommodation for a boarding school. Among the chief concerns of the Bishop was the establishment of a Catholic education system, and this was his primary motivation for introducing to Queensland the order of sisters renowned for their teaching.</p><br>
<p>It is thought that the newly formed school was named All Hallows by Mother Vincent after All Hallows College, Dublin which was in turn named to recall the seventh century parish church, All Hallows-by- the-Tower in London. All Hallows, Brisbane was to operate in conjunction with the school at St Stephens which had been established and operated by lay members of the community since 1845, but for which the Sisters assumed the management of upon their arrival in 1861. All Hallows was established as a "select" school, where money raised from fees could be used to finance the parish or "poor" schools, of which the school at St Stephen&#39;s was an early example.</p><br>
<p>Adderton is presumed to have been built in the late 1850s for Dr Fullerton after he purchased the property above Petrie Bight, which with its far reaching views of Brisbane, from Thomas Adams in 1858. Adams, with Henry Watson, acquired the original Deeds of Grant of the land in two separate deeds in July 1844 and May 1852. After its construction Adderton was located on 2 acres on what was known as Duncan&#39;s Hill but the site is now perceived, after the cutting down of Ann Street, as a cliff face to Ann Street sloping south eastward to the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>Adderton forms the central section of the present day convent, and was originally a two storeyed house with basement which was designed and constructed by early Brisbane builder, Andrew Petrie. Petrie was principally a building contractor, but was able to provide designs for local buildings until the influx of architects to Brisbane in the 1860s. Petrie was also responsible for the design and construction of the 1853 Adelaide House, later known as The Deanery, for Dr William Hobbs.</p><br>
<p>An early photograph of Adderton reveals it as a simple stone building of Georgian proportion and detail; a centrally located doorway with an elliptical fanlight above, flanked by timber shuttered windows and with chimney stacks protruding from each end of a simple gabled roof. Many of the features of the early house including a geometric stair, entrance door and light, windows and shutters, fireplaces along with the general planning of the interior are extant within what has become a much larger convent.</p><br>
<p>On 1 November 1863 the Sisters and some boarders from St Stephens school transferred to Adderton. Classrooms were established in the reception and dining rooms on the ground floor, the study to the rear of these was used as a chapel and the floor above became sleeping quarters. Thus began the school and convent of All Hallows which continues today as the head convent of the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland and from where the Sisters rapidly expanded their network of educational and social welfare institutions.</p><br>
<p>The education offered by the Sisters for the young women of Queensland was of a high standard, and sought after by members of all religious denominations from regional centres all over Queensland and northern New South Wales. Indeed, the number of non-catholic enrolments exceeded that of the catholic enrolments for many years until the 1880s, and remained equal to them until the turn of the century. This ecumenical spirit persisted despite the establishment of the Brisbane Girls Grammar School in 1875. 1879 saw All Hallows&#39; produce its first candidate for the Sydney University Junior Public Examinations, being the first female candidate from a convent school in Australia. The Sisters were able to provide a comprehensive education including music, domestic science as well as more academic pursuits where specialist teachers of this sort were not introduced into state schools until the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Adderton remained unaltered as the head convent for the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland until 1890, when major alterations were planned which saw the former two storeyed house engulfed in a much larger complex involving another storey, an extension of fifty feet in the length of the house and the addition of transverse wings. These alterations were planned by local architects Hunter and Corrie and executed in 1892, by contractors Messrs Woollam and Norman for upwards of £13,000. A descriptive report of the nearly completed building was carried in the national architectural periodical, The Building and Engineering Journal of February 27, 1892.</p><br>
<p>The basement of the new convent contained accommodation for "House of Refuge" girls, work rooms, bathrooms and storage areas. The ground floor housed various reception room and offices, a nuns sacristy and halls for the buildings three main staircases, along with the sisters&#39; dining room and a chapel in the south-western wing. The chapel featured an apsidal chancel, floored with encaustic tiles and accessed via wide marble stairs; fine pine joinery and panelling stained to a light cedar colour; and a memorial stained glass window from Munich. Seating accommodation in the chapel was divided such that the Sisters sat on the ground floor and the boarders at the convent were seated in a gallery above the entrance of the chapel. Verandahs were added to the front and rear of the ground and first floors of the central section of the building at this time. The cement rendered brick extensions were erected on concrete foundations, and with a slate roof.</p><br>
<p>With this 1892 extension a walkway was constructed which connected the convent to the school building erected in 1884. Incorporated as part of the walkway was a bell tower in which was placed an Angelus bell brought with the Sisters from Ireland in 1861 and dedicated to Saint Charles Borromeo, which to this day chimes daily at noon.</p><br>
<p>Along with education the Sisters of Mercy at All Hallows provided many other social programmes, including the care and concern for the welfare of those considered less fortunate. Bishop Quinn approved the establishment of a House of Mercy (occasionally also referred to as the previously mentioned House of Refuge) at All Hallows on February 11, 1875 with the aim of the protection of poor women of good character, and in fact, providing accommodation for women including unwed mothers, inebriates and former gaolees in return for domestic work of various types. Later, parents or the police were able to send young girls to the House as a preventative measure against further trouble. A separate building was constructed as the House of Mercy at All Hallows&#39; in 1878 between the rear of the convent and the Ann Street boundary. This building had a U-shaped plan, forming an enclosed courtyard with the convent. A large laundry was built in the vicinity in 1897, and this was one of the principal workshops of the inhabitants of the House of Mercy.</p><br>
<p>The north-eastern wing of the convent was extended toward Ann Street in 1913 to house further dining, library and bedroom facilities. In 1921 the chapel, in the other wing, was almost tripled in size, removing the apsidal chancel and extending the whole wing toward the Ann Street perimeter of the school, and adding a transept toward the south-west. This extension, designed by local architects, Hall and Prentice was not designed to emulate the earlier Victorian building, rather a stripped classical architecture was employed. The chapel was re-furbished in 1968 in line with the recently produced guidelines for changes of Roman Catholic services determined by Vatican II Council. The centrally facing dark stained timber pews were replaced with light pine seating facing the new, more centrally located altar.</p><br>
<p>Within the garden to the south of the chapel a small brick building was constructed in 1915 to designs of prominent local architect George Henry Male Addison, to house a life size sculpture of Jesus&#39; crucifixion. This was erected by builder, J. Bowen whose tender price was £130. A grotto, located on the northern side of the convent, and a statue of Our Lady on the circular driveway, in the front of the convent were on the grounds by the early 1930s.</p><br>
<h3>The Wall, Lodge and Gate</h3><br>
<p>The environment on Duncans Hill gradually changed as what was formerly named High Road was renamed Ann Street, and this was cut down by 15 feet in 1865. From that time the convent at All Hallows began to be perceived as situated at the top of a cliff-face rather than, as previously, at the apex of a gentle hill. Ann Street was subject to three more cuts, in 1876, 1886 and finally in 1927, when it took its present form.</p><br>
<p>The cutting down of Ann Street in 1876 necessitated the rebuilding of the original 1865 wall, which saw it extended along Ann Street. In 1879, three years after the reconstruction of the wall a stone gatekeepers lodge and entrance gateway were constructed to designs of Rev. Joseph Augustine Canali, an architect and engineer who arrived from Italy at the behest of Quinn in 1872 with the intention of joining the priesthood in Queensland which he did in 1879. The builders for the project were O&#39;Keefe, Masterson and Martin who constructed the lodge and gateway for a cost of £3473/8/1. The gatehouse, which seems to have replaced an earlier structure built with Adderton, served as the convent almonry for many years after its construction.</p><br>
<p>Another cutting of Ann Street took place in 1886 and the final cutting in 1927 saw the wall increased in length, extending around into Kemp Place. At this time a base was added to the gatehouse making it level with the new road and the gate was lowered.</p><br>
<h3>The Main Building</h3><br>
<p>As the school and convent increased in size and the Sisters of Mercy became wealthier, incentive arose to acquire the entire block on which the convent stood, bordered by Ann Street, Kemp Place, Ivory Street and Boundary Street. In December 1879 land on the Ivory Street side of the site was purchased from James Ivory for £2173, for the construction of a separate school building, overlooking the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Quinn laid the foundation stone of the building on January 2, 1881. The architect for the project was Andrea Giovanni Stombuco, a Florentine who moved Australia in 1851 and to Brisbane in 1875. Upon his arrival in the country Stombuco worked variously as a monumental mason, sculptor and builder, before becoming an architect, a profession for which he claims he was self-taught. As an artisan, Stombuco undertook much work for the Catholic Church and the church was to become his primary patron when he began practice as an architect. On advice from the church Stombuco moved to Brisbane and may have taken up a position offered by Quinn as Diocesan architect. Among the buildings he designed for the Catholic Church were St Josephs Christian Brothers Schools at both Gregory Terrace (1875-6) and Nudgee (1889–90); Rathbawn (1875-8) a home for Quinn at Nudgee; several churches including Laidley (1878), Pine Mountain (1878), Sacred Heart at Sandgate (1880-1), Church of the Holy Cross, Wooloowin (1886) and St Josephs at Kangaroo Point (1887-8).</p><br>
<p>The All Hallows&#39; school building, which has become known as the Main Building, was constructed by Edward Vallely and completed in late 1882 at a cost of £8899/2/-. The original building was a substantial three storeyed structure, with a central tower dividing two symmetrically arranged wings featuring open arcaded loggias to the lower two storeys. The central tower which appeared on the south eastern side of the building was planned by Bishop Quinn as his own office, where he could oversee the development and management of the school curriculum. However, before the building was completed Quinn died and Robert Dunne was appointed his successor.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building housed class rooms, boarders&#39; accommodation and a concert hall. A separate two storeyed building to the north-east of the Main Building was constructed at this time to house music practice rooms.</p><br>
<p>By 1901 space in the Main Building was insufficient and a further wing was planned for the Main Building to designs of local architects, Hall and Dods, a partnership of Francis Richard Hall and Robert Smith Dods and the extension was constructed by John Watson. This wing which extended toward the north-west was very similar in detail to the original building, continuing the arcading, roof line and detailing. The extension included a boarders&#39; dining room, an extension of the concert hall, another stairhall fitted with a fine timber stair and additional boarding accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Ramsay Hall, a local architect and half-brother of Francis Hall, designed a further extension wing to the Main Building in 1919, perpendicular to the existing building and incorporating the building housing the early music practice rooms. Two further additions were made to this wing of the Main Building, extending it north west, to designs of architects Prentice and Atkinson in 1934 and in 1940. These later additions continued the arcading on the south-western facade and extended it along to disguise the early music practice rooms. Prentice and Atkinson were also responsible for the addition of a lavatory and bathroom block on the north east of the building in 1933. With the phasing out of the boarders from All Hallows&#39; from 1969 changes were made to the Main Building, turning former accommodation quarters into classrooms.</p><br>
<h3>St Ann's Industrial School</h3><br>
<p>The gold rush period of the 1850s and 1860s in Australia saw more concern and governmental involvement with the care of homeless children. Officials were given powers to place neglected and delinquent children in institutions often offering religious as well as technical training, modelled on the English district union schools.</p><br>
<p>Following the Industrial and Reformatory Schools Act of 1865, which regulated the detention of neglected and criminal children, the Sisters established an industrial school in 1868 in rented cottages adjacent to All Hallows. St Anns Industrial School, as it became known, was concerned with the full-time education of young girls in domestic arts and sciences, including cooking, dressmaking and needlework. The Sisters established the Industrial School to continue the training of young girls leaving St Vincents orphanage at Nudgee, in an attempt to prolong their entry in the workforce, where the state age for discharge could be as low as ten years. However St Anns was soon accepting full fee paying students. Work produced at the school was exhibited nationally and the institute became a highly regarded training centre.</p><br>
<p>In 1876 the school&#39;s Liquidation Committee approved the construction of a new building to house the Industrial School and land previously rented by the Sisters was purchased from the estate of George Poole for £3000. This land faced Ann Street to the south west of the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>Andrea Stombuco, the designer of the Main Building at All Hallows, called tenders for the construction of an Industrial School in the early 1880s, but financial constraints delayed the construction of the building. Tenders were again called in 1893, to revised designs of FDG Stanley and Son, and the contractors Woollam and Norman who had only recently finished the construction of the extensions to the All Hallows Convent, were commissioned as builders for the project. Messrs Leach and Son were the decorators employed. St Ann&#39;s was completed for a cost of about £7000 and officially opened by the Queensland Governor, Sir Henry Wylie Norman on July 15, 1894. A newspaper report of the opening in The Age gave the following account of the nature of the school:</p><br>
<p>"As it is well-known the institution is largely self-supporting, being the abode of dress-makers, lace and fancy needle workers. St Ann&#39;s has gradually grown until now it assumes the position of an important destroyer of the nonsensical fallacies of free-trade which have blighted colonial youth in the past. We hope the children will grow in goodness and usefulness, and that a kindred institution will, in the early future, be established for boys where they may acquire useful trades."</p><br>
<p>An Industrial School for boys was, indeed, established by Archbishop Dunne in the printing offices of the Catholic newspaper, The Australian.</p><br>
<p>Changes in the education system saw the partial closure of St Ann&#39;s in the 1940s, when the building became used as a boarding house for young women studying at university or working in the city. In 1964 an extensive refurbishment of the building was undertaken which converted the lower floors of the building into classrooms, anticipating the future growth of the school.</p><br>
<h3>Other Buildings</h3><br>
<p>All Hallows&#39; School and Convent have seen many periods of concentrated growth; the 1880s and early 1890s saw the construction of the Main Building, and the first major extension of the convent. During the 1920s and 30s the convent was again extended, the Main Building was extended twice and several small buildings were constructed including the chaplains residency, St Brigids and an art studio.</p><br>
<p>The art studio was constructed between the north eastern wing of the Main Building and the Convent in 1922 to designs of local architects, Hall and Prentice at a cost of £1437. This small one storeyed masonry structure was designed to maximise natural lighting, with large windows and skylighting and an open plan. A similar art studio was constructed at Lourdes Hill School in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Hall and Prentice, or the later firm of Hall and Phillips which formed with the dissolution of the previous partnership in 1929, are thought to have designed two other buildings on the campus, as well as the before mentioned extension of the chapel in 1921. These are a chaplains residence constructed in 1936, abutting the gatekeepers lodge above the Ann Street wall and St Brigids, a classroom block, built in 1924. These two buildings have similar classical detailing to that found on Hall and Phillips&#39; extension of the nearby chapel.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to St Brigids is a small octagonal building of one storey, with a high pitched pyramidal roof which was apparently constructed as an aviary, but is now used for classroom and meeting space.</p><br>
<p>Later buildings extant on the site include McCauley Hall which was constructed as the first catholic teachers&#39; college in Queensland in 1958; Aquinas Hall a four storeyed building containing language, history and science laboratories, designed by Frank Cullen and Partners and opened in 1964 to which a science and library wing were added in 1972 and extended in 1978; and, most recently, Loreto Hall, a gymnasium complex, incorporating a large auditorium and art rooms designed by George Thiedke and opened in 1985. Loreto Hall replaced one of the very few buildings on the site known to have been demolished, a small one storeyed building known as Nazareth. This was constructed in 1952 for use by the lower primary school, and with the closing of the primary school in 1981, Nazareth was used for art rooms until its demolition.</p><br>
<p>In 1913 All Hallows&#39; became the home of one of the first school swimming pools in Queensland, which was replaced in 1960 by the extant pool and associated buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>All Hallows&#39; Convent and School is prominently situated in Fortitude Valley on a site bounded by Ann Street, Kemp Place, Ivory Street, Antrim Street and Boundary Street. A masonry retaining wall surrounds the school on the Ann Street and Kemp Place boundaries. The site commands views over Spring Hill, the Brisbane River and the Brisbane CBD.</p><br>
<p>Generally the buildings on the site are introspectively arranged, focussed on a central terraced area which, in turn, overlooks the Brisbane River, over Petrie Bight. The principal entrance to the school grounds is through the gateway off Ann Street, where access is provided to a driveway which passes through the school and convent grounds before leaving at the only other access point, off Kemp Place.</p><br>
<p>The buildings which comprise the site include the convent complex; St Anns, the former Industrial School; the Main Building; McCauley Hall, a former teachers college, Aquinas Hall and the library; Loreto, the gymnasium and auditorium complex; and several smaller structures including the former art studio, St Brigids classrooms, a chaplains residence, a gatekeeper&#39;s lodge and gateway. Along with these, are several landscaped areas which contribute to the setting of the buildings including the central terraced area, the flagpole lawn, playing fields to the north of the site and extensive gardens.</p><br>
<h3>The Convent</h3><br>
<p>The convent complex consists of the principal convent building which comprises Adderton, the chapel and various additions; a House of Mercy and a timber laundry.</p><br>
<p>The convent is a substantial four storeyed masonry building, consisting of a central section in which the early building, Adderton, is contained, and flanking this transverse wings semi-enclosing a rear courtyard on three sides. Within this courtyard is a U-planned building-the former House of Mercy. To the north-west of the convent, between this building and the Ann Street boundary is a lawn and early timber laundry building.</p><br>
<p>The central section of the convent runs south west-north east, parallel to the Ann Street boundary wall, the south western wing houses the chapel and is symmetrical with the three storeyed north eastern wing used for bedrooms and community. The convent, as it now appears, was completed in three major stages, manifest in design and construction; the 1850s house, Adderton, the 1891-2 extension and the chapel extension of 1921.</p><br>
<p>The south eastern facade, where the principal entrance is located, is terminated at both ends by the projecting elevations of the transverse wings. These bays have hipped roofs partially concealed by a decorative parapeted gable, surmounted at the apex by a pedimented feature, supported on reeded pilasters and flanked by pilasters surmounted by finials. Various round and square-headed arched openings, with both recessed and projecting surrounds are found symmetrically arranged on the elevation of the end bays. The south western wing has a more recent one storeyed entrance porch providing access to the chapel. The rendered masonry porch of rectangular plan has two round headed arched openings within a round headed arched recess, and moulded string courses and is surmounted by an entablature above which is an Italianate balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The building, over the central section and north eastern wing, has a hipped slate roof, and spaced regularly along the roof line of the north-east and south-east facades are decorative Anglo-Dutch gables. Roof vents line the ridge. The central section and north-eastern wing are surrounded by two storeys of verandahs, on the lower and first floors of the building. Supporting the corrugated iron verandah awning are cast iron columns, occasionally paired. The verandah features cast iron balustrading with the intertwined letters AHC within the pattern, cast iron frieze panels and column brackets. The window openings which line the principal facade have fixed louvre timber shutters.</p><br>
<p>Many features of the original home, Adderton, remain extant including its facade to the south east, with early window openings and doorway over which is an elliptical fanlight fitted with a stained glass panel.</p><br>
<p>The half-glazed entrance door opens onto an entrance vestibule, flanked to the north and south by parlours, and screened from a central hallway running parallel to the facade, by an elliptical arced opening fitted with a four panel glazed timber screen. Each parlour is fitted with a marble fireplace and two finely mullioned 12 paned vertical sash windows, one panel of which is stained. Beyond the screen and within the central hallway is a geometric timber stair, winding to the first floor with square sectioned balusters from each tread and a timber handrail following the complex curvature of the stair.</p><br>
<p>The central hallway, which is repeated on each floor provides access to the many small rooms and is broken by a series of plaster archways. Internally the convent has rendered masonry walls, plaster ceilings and covered timber floors. Early fireplaces, ovens and other fittings remain extant in the unrendered basement level of the convent.</p><br>
<p>The chapel wing comprises two sections: the earlier 1890 chapel toward the front elevation of the building and extending from the rear of this the 1921 extension. Externally, the extension employs stripped classical detailing with rusticated pilasters dividing the external walls and separating the round headed arched openings. Other detailing includes a projecting base, moulded string courses, enlarged keystone detailing above the arched openings and moulded entablature forming a parapet some of which is surmounted by an Italianate baluster detail above. The chapel has a traditional plan, with central nave, side aisles, polygonal sanctuary and a shallow transept extending from the south-western end of the building.</p><br>
<p>Internally the variations of material, construction and detailing clearly indicates the two phases of the construction of the chapel. The rear, earlier section, which extends approximately one-third of the length of the nave features coffered ceilings of stained timber and timber panelled walls. An arcade supported on marbelised columns separates this section from the 1921 extension. On the floor above the rear section of the chapel is a pipe organ which opens onto the nave extension through a large archway.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the chapel extension, like the exterior, has a classical design influence with round headed archways and openings, neo-classical painted decoration and classical mouldings. The nave has shallow side aisles divided from the body by a nave arcade of round headed arched openings with moulded architraves and large plaster keystones, all supported on marbelised columns with decorative plaster capitals. The barrel vaulted ceiling of the nave, is punctuated with operable clerestory windows and these are separated by moulded ribs. The sanctuary, which is divided from the nave by a round headed archway supported on substantial red marble columns, is semi-circular in plan and covered by a half domed ceiling. Within this space is a large painting of Jesus flanked by arched stained glass windows from FX Zettler in Munich, and higher on the rear wall is a small rose window. Painted decoration cover most of the surfaces in the sanctuary area.</p><br>
<p>The former House of Mercy, located within the rear courtyard of the convent is a two-storeyed U-planned rendered masonry building. External walkways line elevations closest to the convent and these provided access to the many small timber rooms which constitute the building. The ground floor of this houses larger rooms.</p><br>
<p>To the rear of the convent is a simple timber building, with gabled roof and large roof ventilators used as a laundry.</p><br>
<h3>The Main Building</h3><br>
<p>The Main Building, the principal school building of All Hallows&#39; is situated in the eastern corner of the block overlooking the Brisbane River and with extensive views of the Brisbane CBD and Kangaroo Point. The design of the three storeyed stone building is strongly inspired by classical architecture, particularly that of Renaissance Italy. This influence informs the composition and detailing of the arcaded facades and general planning of the building.</p><br>
<p>The 1882 section of the building extends along the north eastern boundary of the All Hallows&#39; block, the 1901 extension is situated abutting the north east end of the original building and later extensions are perpendicular to these, extending north west from the original wing and incorporating the early music rooms. The building, although the result of five phases of construction completed over about 60 years, is reasonably cohesive, particularly on those elevations facing inward toward the central open spaces of the school. These facades are all lined with arcaded loggias similar to those found encircling the original 1882 section of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building is essentially rectangular in plan, with a long rectangular wing extending north west from the eastern corner of the building. The shallow pitched hipped roof of wide gauge corrugated iron is partially concealed by an Italianate parapet. Projecting through the roof at regular intervals are squat pyramidal roofed towers. These are vertical extensions of projecting bays on the facade of the building. The projecting entrance bay of the original 1882 building is emphasised by pediments at the roof line and a larger tower with a very steeply pitched roof ornamented with cast iron cresting.</p><br>
<p>Arcaded loggias, sections of which have been infilled with glazing, are found on the ground and first floors with round headed arched window openings on the second floor. The openings of the arcades and the windows are divided by pilastered wall sections.</p><br>
<p>The principal entrance of the earliest section of the south eastern, emphasised by the projecting bay is through a recent double timber door surmounted by semi-circular fanlight fitted within an early arched opening. Beyond this door is an entrance vestibule and through another panelled and moulded double timber door with semi circular fanlight and sidelights, access is given to the stair hall. The entrance vestibule has tessellated ceramic tiles on the floor and a moulded plaster ceiling. The dark stained timber stair, beyond this entrance, is dog legged with half-landings at each turn. On the first floor, this stair arrives in a room between a concert hall and a music library. The concert hall has a coffered plaster ceiling with recent mouldings and round headed arched windows with vertical sash fittings, opening onto the loggia spaces. At the north eastern end of the hall is a timber stage accessed via wide shallow stairs from the main body of the room. Beneath the stage are music practice rooms. The music library features a white marble fireplace, dark stained timber joinery, and round headed arched openings fitted with French doors opening onto the loggia. Small stairways on the second floor give access to the tower rooms above.</p><br>
<p>The plan of the building has large rooms connected to stairhalls and other rooms by loggias and walkways on the two external faces of the building. This plan continues in the abutting wing, but with walkways located only along the arcaded, south western elevation, giving access to the rooms. Stairhalls are located near the principal entrance of the Main Building (1882), in the eastern corner of the building (1901) and centrally in the extension (1919). Two sets of concrete fire escape stairs and a lift are also found within the building.</p><br>
<p>The north western wing of the Main Building continues the external detailing of the earlier sections on its south western, inward facing, facade only. The south eastern facade of the wing, viewed from the Kemp Place boundary of the site provides evidence of the growth of the building, with four phases of development readily apparent in the roof lines, levels and detailing.</p><br>
<p>Incorporated in the later wing, and disguised on the south western face with subsequent arcading, is an early two storeyed building housing music practice rooms. These are located centrally, and are apparent on the north eastern facade. The building is of rendered brick and has an ornamental roof ventilator centrally located on the steeply pitched hipped roof. Small rectangular window openings line the north eastern face. The floor levels of this building are not aligned with the floor levels of the surrounding buildings, therefore small internal staircases provide access to the rooms. The music practice rooms, themselves, are evident on the ground floor of this building.</p><br>
<p>Abutting the north east face of the Main Building is a tuckshop wing, which is an amalgamation of a 1933 concrete building with a corrugated iron gambrel roof and a later s brick addition. The 1933 section retains its roof form and external detailing which consists of recessed bays housing large rectangular window openings separated by shallow pilasters.</p><br>
<h3>St Ann's</h3><br>
<p>St Anns is a substantial three storeyed rendered masonry building with partial basement. Facing north west and situated on the Ann Street boundary of the school St Anns is the only building on the site which addresses the street. The design of the building shows an influence of Gothic revival architecture particularly in the detailing of the Ann Street facade where pointed arched openings and mouldings, grouped lancet windows, steeply pitched parapeted gables and repeated use of the quatrefoil motif are found.</p><br>
<p>The building is symmetrically composed about a recessed central bay lined with three storeys of balconies on the front and rear elevations, flanked by transverse wings. These side wings have steeply pitched parapeted gables and at the level of the ground floor projecting bays whose gabled awnings reflect the gabled roof form. Grouped lancet windows under pointed and flat headed arched hood moulds on the second floor, small rose windows, statue niches and Latin Cross finials at the apex of the gables contribute to the ornamentation of the wings. The render on the Ann Street facade is scribed with ashlar coursing.</p><br>
<p>A central bi-furcating stairway, with substantial masonry balustrade featuring cut-out quatrefoils accesses the ground floor verandah of the building on the Ann Street facade. The verandah awning on the ground floor has a thin gauge corrugated iron soffit and is supported on reeded cast iron columns and has a cast iron balustrade and pointed arched friezes which also feature a quatrefoil motif. The verandah on the floor above has square timber columns, cast iron balustrading and a timber boarded soffit.</p><br>
<p>Centrally located on the ground floor verandah is a six panelled entrance door which is surrounded by rectangular transom window and sidelights of very fine stained glass panels from Munich. The entrance door opens onto a vestibule where access is provided to parlours on either side. A moulded round headed archway separates the vestibule from the central hallway, which runs parallel to the entrance facade of the building terminating at the chapel entrance to the north-east and in the stairhall to the south-west. Internally the building has rendered masonry walls throughout, timber boarded ceilings, timber floors, high quality timber architraves, skirting boards and stairways.</p><br>
<p>The principal internal stair is housed in the stairhall which is expressed externally on the south-west facade with a projecting bay which features four pairs of rectangular stained glass window openings, signifying the level of each floor and the basement. The open well timber stair has turned timber balusters and carved newels and drops. Another, more simple, stair is housed in the southern corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>The chapel, located in north eastern wing of the ground floor of the building is a long room only the north western end of which was originally intended for this use. This end has a coffered timber ceiling with plaster mouldings, grisaille (or non-figured) stained glass panels in tre-foiled lancets and fine timber joinery. A sanctuary, at the north western end of the chapel, is separated by an elliptical headed archway, and houses a small marble altar flanked by single tre-foiled lancets fitted with figured stained glass panels. Access is provided from the central hallway to the chapel via a dark stained timber doorway with a pointed arch transom light above. Classrooms fill the remainder of the ground and first floors. The second floor houses several early bedroom cells lining the north west side of the building, with access to an enclosed verandah facing Ann Street. The basement of the building has remnants of early brick fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>Abutting the southern corner of St Ann&#39;s and extending to the south east is a one storeyed brick extension with hipped corrugated iron roof and verandah awning on the north eastern side supported on chamfered timber posts.</p><br>
<h3>Other</h3><br>
<p>As well as the larger buildings on the All Hallows Convent and School site many smaller buildings are of cultural heritage significance. These include the Ann Street and Kemp Place retaining wall and incorporated gateway and lodge; a chaplains residence, St Brigid&#39;s classroom block, the art studio and several areas of open space including the Terrace, gardens around the convent, playing fields and other open areas.</p><br>
<p>The porphyry retaining wall extends from the gateway, adjacent to St Ann&#39;s, on Ann Street, north east and is curved around the corner and finishes in Kemp Place. The wall, made from randomly coursed rock faced porphyry rubble, varies in height from 4m on the Kemp Place elevation to 14m on Ann Street. A course of stonework projects from the wall near the top of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Incorporated in the Ann Street face of the wall, adjacent to St Anns is a gatekeepers lodge and gateway. The gateway which is constructed from rock faced porphyry and smooth faced sandstone is the principal entrance to the school and provides access to the driveway. The symmetrically composed structure employs classical details. The opening is through a round headed archway, the arched section of which is filled with a cast iron plate bearing the letters AMDG. The surrounds of the archway including the voussoirs and keystone are of rough cut porphyry. Rounded and tapering pilasters with Ionic capitals, of smooth faced sandstone, flank the opening. A sandstone entablature surmounting the pilasters features a moulded cornice supported on corbels with a smaller sandstone architrave above. Sitting on the top of each end of the gateway are stone carvings of urns with flames rising from them. Centrally located on the architrave on four steps is a carved globe with a copper Latin cross surmounting it. Shorter porphyry walls flank the gateway.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the north of the gateway, is a gatekeepers lodge whose Ann Street facade is a continuation of the schools retaining wall, the lodge being slightly taller than the adjacent wall. The building is two storeyed, and with the cutting down of Ann Street after the lodge&#39;s construction a retaining wall has been added as a base to the Ann Street facade of the building. This facade projects slightly from the face of the retaining wall and is detailed with smooth faced sandstone string coursing in line with the sill of the two storeys of windows. The steeply pitched hipped slate roof is concealed on the Ann Street facade by a parapet, being an entablature, consisting of a cornice with dentils surmounted by an architrave. Two storeys of round headed arched windows are featured on this facade, reflecting the early levels of the building. These windows differ in detail on each storey, the lower having sandstone tracery dividing the opening into two lancet windows with round arched heads and a circular opening between. The upper storey openings are simply round headed arched openings. Window and door openings on the south western wall indicate the previous entrance level of the building. Internally the building has timber floors throughout, plaster and lath walls, timber boarded ceilings, an early quarter-turn timber stair with turned balusters and simple timber architraves and skirting boards.</p><br>
<p>Adjoining the gatehouse is a small rendered masonry building used for a chaplains residence. This is a one storeyed rendered brick building with stripped classical facades and detailing similar to that of the nearby chapel extension. The external walls which consist of recessed bays separated by rusticated pilasters, are parapeted with a simple entablature concealing the shallow hipped roof. Access is provided to the front door of the building down broad concrete steps with rendered masonry balustrading. The front door opens onto a semi-internal entrance hall with timber lattice screens. Internally the residence has two principal rooms, a living room beyond the entrance hall and from this a bedroom with ensuite bathroom. Internal finishes include pressed metal ceilings and cornices, rendered walls and chamfered timber skirting boards. The adjacent building, St Brigids, is of similar detail and houses two classrooms with access provided to the interior via broad concrete steps. Between St Brigids and the chaplains residence is a hexagonally planned building with hexagonal pyramidal corrugated iron roof, originally in use as an aviary, but now a classroom.</p><br>
<p>The former art studio, located between the Main Building extension and the convent, is a single storeyed concrete building of simple rectangular plan with a hipped corrugated iron roof. The building was designed an art studio and therefore planned to provide abundant natural lighting and ventilation. The facade of the building is symmetrically composed around a central doorway flanking which are large window openings separated by pilasters with simple moulded capitals and bases and supporting a cornice, on which the overhanging corrugated iron roof sits.</p><br>
<p>McCauley Hall, situated on the northern corner of the site, is a four storeyed brick building with re-inforced concrete framing elements and a skillion roof. The building displays qualities of many post-war buildings of Australia showing a strong International style influence, whose physical attributes on this building include large planes of brickwork juxtaposed with textured panels and large areas of horizontally grouped window openings. Aquinas Hall has similar construction and detailing, and is a four storeyed brick building with re-inforced concrete framing externally expressed.</p><br>
<p>In the gardens adjacent to the chapel is a small polychrome brick building which houses life-size statues commemorating Jesus&#39; death on Calvary. This structure has a gabled roof flanked by brick pinnacles, all surrounding the round headed arched opening through which the statues are seen.</p><br>
<p>Much of the open space, garden areas and established trees are of importance to the setting and understanding of the school. In particular the split-level Terrace, an open lawned area forming a central court which retains a vista toward the river via a small lawn to the south-west of the Main Building. St Gertrude&#39;s playing grounds in the northern corner of the school is an established area with important planting including a bougainvillea hedge and a large weeping fig. The gardens surrounding the convent provide a buffer zone between this and the other, more public, buildings on the site. These areas are the chapel garden, the driveway, the former kitchen garden to the north-east and the lawn between the convent and Ann Street which houses many rotary washing lines. There are many large established trees on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>All Hallows Convent and School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>All Hallows Convent was the first permanent home of the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland and has remained a focal point for their activities until the present day. From All Hallows the Sisters of Mercy have established convents over the State from where their educational and social programmes are implemented. All Hallows&#39; provides evidence of the development of the order in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>All Hallows&#39; School is the oldest surviving secondary school in Brisbane and is able to demonstrate the pattern of development of education particularly in privately managed schools in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The school and convent have remained an important feature of the Catholic Church in Queensland throughout the site&#39;s 130-year history reflected in the active interest of Archbishops Quinn, Dunne and Duhig in the planning and development of the institution.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Several of the buildings on the site provide evidence of early social and cultural customs which are no longer practiced. St Anns is one of the few Industrial Schools in Brisbane and thus provides rare evidence of earlier forms of technical education. The gatehouse acted as an almonry for many years and this was always an important element of the Sisters social programmes. The convent, incorporating the former House of Mercy demonstrates the manner in which the Sisters of Mercy extended charity to whom they considered unfortunate women.</p><br>
<p>The core of the convent at All Hallow&#39;s is one of the earliest surviving houses in Brisbane, Adderton built for Dr George Fullerton in the 1850s. Features which remain extant from this building include a rare Queensland example of a geometric spiral stair, early glazing and timber joinery.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations of Adderton would, potentially, reveal early building construction techniques, materials and early land use of the site.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>There has been considerable change on the site, though very little demolition of buildings, and therefore the site retains an intact record of the growth of the school, and is a very good example of a nineteenth century convent and school site. The introspective nature of the site planning and the relationship among the various provide an intact physical manifestation of the catholic ethos of female education during the nineteenth and twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The All Hallows&#39; site is a prominent element of inner Brisbane, and in particular the Fortitude Valley area. The school and convent is a major landmark in Brisbane, given prominence by the dramatic skyline of the major buildings. The site is planned with cohesion, consciously introspective around central courts, manifesting traditional collegiate planning.</p><br>
<p>Several individual buildings have architectural merit, and together, form an important compendium of the works of many of Brisbane&#39;s premier architectural practitioners and firms. The site contains both large scale buildings which are prominently sited and well-designed, as well as more humble structures which contribute to the contextual environment of the larger buildings.</p><br>
<p>Individually the buildings are of aesthetic and architectural value. The Georgian proportion and restraint of Adderton influenced the additions of the Convent which is a well-sited and composed building suited to Brisbanes sub-tropical climate. Several of the 1920s and 1930s buildings on the site including the chapel extension, St Brigids, the chaplains residence and the art studio, are well composed buildings manifesting an influence of inter-war classicism. The former St Anns Industrial School of 1894 is a well composed building with Gothic revival detailing and is an important element of Ann Street. The 1882 Main Building is, again, a well-composed building with sensitive additions and a good example of educational building design of the Victorian period. Aquinas Hall is a well-articulated building of the post-war period. Many of the garden areas and established trees contribute to the picturesque qualities of the place. The open areas of the school allow these buildings to maintain a close relationship with the river and surrounding areas whilst also providing appropriate settings.</p><br>
<p>Many individual features of the building are of very high quality and have significance for their craftsmanship. Such features include the timber joinery and stained glass panels in the Main Building, Convent and St Ann&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The school and convent has associations with many people of importance to Queensland history including Archbishops Quinn, Dunne and Duhig; Mother Mary Vincent Whitty who established the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland; and Mother Mary Potter who was a long time superior of the order. Many prominent Queensland architects and builders are associated with the site including Andrew Petrie, Andrea Stombuco, FDG Stanley, Hunter and Corrie, Hall and Dods, Hall and Prentice, GHM Addison and Frank Cullen.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>All Hallows&#39; has special associations with various groups in Queensland; the Catholic Church as their major secondary school for females; the Sisters of Mercy as their head convent and principal school and the school community.</p><br>
<p>The Cedars  is a private home in Clinton, Mississippi. Built around 1839, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is one of the oldest extant houses in Hinds County.</p><br>
<p>Named for a grove of more than fifty cedar trees located on the 5 acre property, the one-story frame house was built as a Greek revival cottage, and is typical of the simple but spacious cottages once popular in Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original property was owned by pioneer settlers Minerva Fitz Morgan and Jacob B. Morgan.</p><br>
<p>The exact date of construction of the home is unknown, though land records indicate that by 1839 there was a structure on the site, and architectural evidence places the period of the house at between 1835 and 1850.</p><br>
<p>The house changed hands at least five times during its first twenty years of existence. In 1859, Emile Menger, a professor of music at Mississippi College in Clinton, arrived from Germany with his family and took possession of home and property. The Mengers sold the house and property in 1903 to Patrick Henry Eager, a professor of English and acting president of Mississippi College, who added an addition to the home that same year. The name of the house was changed by Mrs. Eager from "Cedar Grove" to "The Cedars" to avoid confusion with her family home "Cedar Grove" in Aberdeen, Mississippi. The Eager family owned the home for 72 years, during which time the property was divided and reduced in size to 0.75 acre. The Cedars was sold in 1975 to James T. Currie and Patricia Sumners Currie, who renovated and restored The Cedars.</p><br>
<p>The home has been included on the "Walking Tour of Historic Clinton", and was opened to the public during Clinton&#39;s Bicentennial Pilgrimage in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Tell Yunatsite , also known as Ploskata mogila , is situated in the Pazardzhik Province of southern Bulgaria , some 8 km to the west of the district capital Pazardzhik. The tell stands 12 m above modern ground level and has a diameter of 110 m. It is situated on a low terrace at the right bank of the former Topolnitsa riverbed near to its confluence with the Maritsa River . Medieval, Roman, Iron Age, Early Bronze Age, and Copper Age periods have all been attested at the site.</p><br>
<p>Parallel to the Maritsa River on the Pazardzhik plain lays the so-called Via Diagonalis, one of the most important ancient European roads, which passes through the Balkans and connects West and Central Europe to Anatolia and the Near East. The former road bears witness to the rich history and importance of the region. The plain slants from west to east (300 m to 100 m asl.) and is bordered by the Sredna Gora Mountains to the north and northwest, the Rhodope Mountains to the south, and Rila Mountains to the southwest. The surrounding alpine terrain is significant because it affects the microclimate of the region making it slightly colder during the winters in comparison with the other regions of Northern Thrace.</p><br>
<h2>History of Research</h2><br>
<p>In 1939, Bulgarian archaeologist Vasil Mikov excavated a large trench passing through the central east section of the tell, collecting the first data about its stratigraphy, chronology, and sequence of archaeological cultures. Subsequently, large-scale archaeological excavations began in 1976 under the direction of Rumen Katincharov (Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria) and Velichka Matsanova (Regional Museum of History, Pazardzhik). Between 1982 and 2000, a Soviet (later Russian) team led by Prof. Nikolay Merpert also took part in the excavations of the site. During the last quarter of the 20th century, the Bulgarian–Soviet–Russian team excavated the eastern third of the tell, expanding on the Mikov trench. They uncovered a medieval cemetery, a Roman fortification, two building levels from the Early Iron Age, a thick layer from the Early Bronze Age (EBA) with 17 building levels, and the underlying Late Chalcolithic layer.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the excavations continued under the direction of Dr. Yavor Boyadzhiev (National Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Sofia). The following year, the Bulgarian team was joined by a Greek team led by Dr. Ioannis Aslanis (National Hellenic Research Foundation). The joint project lasted a decade – from 2002 to 2011. It revealed new patterns of prehistoric settlement organization around the tell. Test pits and trenches were excavated in 2006 in the area surrounding the tell and were aimed at locating the prehistoric cemetery, but instead the excavation uncovered Chalcolithic settlement deposits in a radius of 200 - around the tell in almost every direction. The only exception was to the East where the ancient Topolnitsa River would have been located.</p><br>
<p>Since 2013, Tell Yunatsite has been the host of an archaeology field school within Balkan Heritage Field School – a program directed by the Balkan Heritage Foundation (BHF) – and, since 2015, also with the Institute for Field Research (IFR). As such, the excavations at Tell Yunatsite are open by application to international participants.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>The tell contains the remains of at least 30 settlements (so-called building levels) placed one over the other. Various peoples had settled at the tell altogether for more than 6,000 years, at least from the Early Chalcolithic (5000 BCE) onwards. On top of the tell, a medieval cemetery with Christian burials was excavated. For the most part, the burials were without grave-goods. A small Roman period (2nd to 6th century AD) fortress also existed on the top of the tell. The fortification was further enforced by a ditch surrounding the tell. Both the fortress and the medieval cemetery, to a large extent, disturbed the building layers from the Early and Late Iron Age. However, two building levels from the Early Iron Age (10th to 6th century BCE) and one from the Late Iron Age (5th and 4th century BCE) have been attested.</p><br>
<h2>Early Bronze Age</h2><br>
<p>Tell Yunatsite is one of the most important sites for revealing the cultural development of the Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BCE) in Thrace. The Early Bronze Age deposits were excavated over an area of 1,100 -. 17 building levels were documented with a total thickness varying from 4.30 to 6.50 m. Building levels XVII/XVI-XV date to EBA I, building levels XIV-IX date to EBA II, and building levels VIII-I date to EBA III. Each building level is represented by a different number of excavated buildings. As soon as they settled, the EBA people made a palisade, a ditch and "an earthen rampart bearing traces of a palisade", enclosing the northern part of the mound. It is believed that the separated space was a residence area or a sacred space. It was separated until the time of building level XIII. A trench situated in the western part of the mound revealed remains of a fortification established during the time of building levels XII-X. At 100 m to the west of the mound, there was also a multi-layer open-air settlement; the thickness of its cultural layer reaches 2.5 m. In the central part of the tell, the houses related to the earlier EBA building levels rest immediately on top of the remains of the last Chalcolithic level, and sometimes were even slightly dug into them. However, further south, where the Chalcolithic layers slant downwards, a layer of accumulated fine soil is clearly detectable. Its thickness gradually increases to the south, reaching more than 40 cm. This layer marks a long break in the occupation of the site between the end of the Chalcolithic and the beginning of the EBA.</p><br>
<h2>Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</h2><br>
<p>The results of the excavations so far have demonstrated that the earliest settlement dates to the beginning of the Early Chalcolithic. It probably covered an area of about 100,000 -. In the second half of the Early Chalcolithic (around 4750–4650 BCE) a fortification wall was erected in the eastern part of the settlement, on a small natural plateau 2–3 m higher than the surrounding surface. The preserved remains of the massive earthen fortification wall on the southern slope of the tell are 25 m long, up to 2.50-2.80 m high and 4 m wide. It was made of alternating layers of trampled clay and gravel. The Chalcolithic fortification system was reinforced by a ditch surrounding the wall from the outside. However, only part of the ditch is preserved, as it is largely destroyed by another ditch dating to the Roman Period. The wall protected the tell on its southern and probably western sides. The Topolnitsa river provided natural protection from the north and east. In the course of time the tell was gradually formed inside the limits of this protected area. Very interesting and important in terms of settlement organization is the fact that the wall and the ditch did not protect the entire settlement, but rather only one part of it - a Prehistoric “citadel” raised inside and above the larger settlement. The “citadel” was in use for more than 500 years, until the entire settlement was destroyed by enemies at the end of the 5th millennium BCE. The settlement structure shows some basic characteristics of towns, which emerged in the Near East about 2 000 years later.</p><br>
<p>The excavations of the Chalcolithic settlements at the tell revealed the rich material and spiritual culture of its inhabitants. The buildings were solid with interiors sometimes decorated in white and red paint. Pits for meat conservation and preservation (the earliest known so far) were investigated. The Chalcolithic pottery is of excellent quality and its varied and rich decoration shows the high aesthetic vision of the craftsmen. The typical household inventory includes tools and weapons made of stone, copper, bone and antler. The varied anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and ornitomorphic figurines as well as the syncretic combinations between the three reveal some aspects of the religious beliefs of the people. Additionally, at Tell Yunatsite was attested one of the – the wrist amputation of a woman who continued to use her arm for years afterwards.</p><br>
<p>The last Chalcolithic settlement at Tell Yunatsite was destroyed by a brutal attack. The people who were inside (mainly children, elderly men and women) were killed. Skeletons with traces of a violent death were found among the debris of the burnt dwellings.</p><br>
<p>Since 2012, excavations were renewed within the trench made by V. Mikov in 1939. The aim was to clarify the stratigraphy of the Chalcolithic layer and gradually to reach the lowest (earliest) settlement of the tell. At least 5 Chalcolithic building levels have been attested so far in this part and a control trench in the periphery of the tell suggests the presence of at least 3 more. The pottery assemblage of the lower settlements reached so far in the Mikov’s trench is dated to the mid 5th millennium BCE. Some interesting structures have been revealed, including a well preserved non-burnt wooden floor platform (very rare for this early period and geographical area). Among the numerous finds, the rich collection of Spondylus shell bracelets and beads is worth noting as they bear witness to intense trade connections with the Aegean sea coast. Other important finds are five ceramic vessel base fragments and a clay plate with incised signs on them. The systematic occurrence of such signs at other contemporary sites in Bulgaria and the Balkans has provided grounds to assume the development of some early writing system – the earliest in the world.</p><br>
<p>The John Hamilton Farmstead is a historic farm property on Vermont Route 125 in Bridport, Vermont. It was established in 1795 by John Hamilton, and includes one of Bridport&#39;s oldest surviving houses. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hamilton Farmstead is located in a rural area between the town center of Bridport and Middlebury, on the south side of Vermont Route 25 between Payne Drive and the Lemon Fair River. The property consists of 115 acre or farmland, most of which is flat and used for pasture or hay. The farm complex stands on the west side of a rise known locally as St. George&#39;s Hill, whose top and steeply sloped east side are wooded. The farmhouse is a 1-1/2 story Cape style wood frame structure, five bays wide, from which an ell and carriage house extend to the rear. Its oldest portion is a three-bay section built about 1795, while the other two bays were added c. 1820 and the ell about 1840. The interior retains some features, including flooring and exposed beams, reflective of its building history. Other outbuildngs on the property include three 19th-century barns, the oldest dating to 1860, as well as a milkhouse, pumphouse, and garage.</p><br>
<p>The farmstead was developed beginning in 1795 by John Hamilton, one of three brothers who arrived from Barre, Massachusetts and are its first documented farmers. The property remained in the hands of Hamilton&#39;s descendants until 1894, when it was purchased by Maxime St. George, for whose family the hill is now named. The farm was historically had diversified production, with focus in the second half of the 19th century on dairy and sheep farming.</p><br>
<p>Animal Research Institute Buildings is a heritage-listed set of research station buildings at 681 Fairfield Road, Yeerongpilly, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Stock Experiment Station  and Animal Research Station . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 June 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Animal Research Institute at Yeerongpilly was established by the Department of Agriculture and Stock (now the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, part of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation) in 1909 as the Stock Experiment Station. The Station was the first purpose-built, farm-based facility of Australias first Stock Institute and its work was primarily to research and control diseases in livestock, develop vaccines and improve animal health and production. The complex was extended over time to accommodate the changing needs of the Institute, the University of Queenslands first veterinary training facility in 1938-1940 and then, between 1933 and 1967, the interrelated work of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).</p><br>
<p>In 1889 an Intercolonial Stock Conference in Melbourne recommended that an Australasian Stock Institute be established to study diseases in livestock; however the various colonies could not reach agreement on the matter. The first such institute was set up in Queensland in 1893 following a deputation of stock owners to the then Colonial Secretary, the Hon. Berkeley Basil Moreton. The Queensland Stock Institute was initially set up in rented premises in Turbot Street, Brisbane, under bacteriologist Charles Joseph Pound. The premises included a laboratory and a museum.</p><br>
<p>Pound was a "microscopist" who trained in London in microscopy, physiology and bacteriology and at the Pasteur Institute in Paris in developing vaccines, then a new technology. Arriving in Sydney in 1892, he worked first for the New South Wales Department of Health before taking up the position in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>As part of his work for the new Stock Institute, in 1894 Pound proved that cattle ticks transmitted Redwater Disease (Bacillary Hemoglobinuria), which was causing heavy losses in Queensland cattle. He conducted the first inoculation studies into this disease in Australia and established a methodology and dosage that are still used worldwide. He trained stockowners in the techniques of collecting recovered blood, defibrillating it and using this vaccine to inoculate their stock. To facilitate this, he invented the "Pound" syringe and arranged for it to be manufactured. Backed by his lectures and published articles, this work made a major contribution to the success of Queenslands cattle industry. Pounds activities also included obtaining pathological specimens of various manifestations of diseases in stock and other domesticated animals, and items sent in by stock owners were added to the museums collection. However, the primary object of the Institute in 1895 was to cultivate the pleuro-pneumonia virus for inoculating cattle. In 1897 administration of the Institute passed from the Colonial Secretarys Office to the Queensland Department of Agriculture, founded in 1887.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 new premises for the Institute were constructed in the then Brisbane suburb of Normanby (now within Spring Hill). The two-storey red brick building, located next to the Brisbane Grammar School residence on College Road, included rooms for Mr Pound and clerical work; a general laboratory; plus chemistry, incubator, sterilizing and photographic rooms on the ground floor, and a museum, library and lecture room on the first floor. Outbuildings included two stalls and loose-boxes, plus other facilities for stock used in experiments.</p><br>
<p>Due to the governments increased focus on human health, Pound was transferred to the Health Section of the Home Secretarys Department as Government Bacteriologist and the department was renamed the Bacteriological Institute. He was the only scientist in Australia then producing tuberculin, used in diagnosing human and bovine tuberculosis, and also carrying out work on leprosy.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, due to concerns about the impact of cattle tick on the dairy industry, the Institute returned to the control of the Department of Agriculture and Stock and Dr Sydney Dodd was appointed Principal Veterinary Surgeon and Bacteriologist for three years. He continued research work on the eradication of cattle ticks and the diseases caused by them. At his suggestion, the Department acquired 23 hectares of land at Yeerongpilly for an experimental station capable of accommodating the animals needed for research and sufficient for grass and crops to make the farm self-supporting in fodder. The Yeerongpilly site was more suitable than other sites considered as it was bounded on the north by the river, on the south by the railway line, leaving only narrow frontages on the east and west to adjoining land and public roads, thereby reducing the danger that disease could spread.</p><br>
<p>The first land sales in the Yeerongpilly area had begun in the 1850s and arrowroot and cotton were initially grown, being replaced by sugar cane before the industry moved north following a series of cold winters. In 1879, the Yeerongpilly Divisional Board was formed. The development of rail links in the 1880s opened the area to residential development; but this slowed in the late 19th century following the 1893 floods, which submerged much of Yeerongpilly; and the depression of the 1890s. In the early 20th century, development increased again and most of the area was connected to electricity by the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The Stock Experiment Station complex, designed by Dodd, opened in 1909 making Queensland the first state to possess such a facility. As well as Dodd, it employed two laboratory assistants and two farm workers. The offices and laboratories were housed in a timber building, the Stock Experiment Station Main Building, probably designed by Arthur Morry, who was then the Department&#39;s architect. It had five rooms off a central corridor that led to a large, sixth room. There were verandahs on the eastern, northern and western sides. The rooms were all airy and well-lit, with fly-proof shields to windows and doors. The main laboratory in the room at the rear was fitted-out with shelves, cupboards and workbenches, much of which remains in 2011. There were also support structures and animal yards, along with a post mortem room, sheep and pig pens and an incinerator.</p><br>
<p>In 1909 a stable was erected to the north of the Stock Experiment Station Main Building. The Department of Agriculture and Stock Annual Report for 1910 described the building:"The stable provide four stalls, a loose-box, and feed-room, with a room for harness, tools, etc., and another room for small animals, specially ventilated. The manger fittings are of iron, with water-pots and hay-racks combined. The floors of stalls are laid with a special channelled stable brick, and a tramway is laid the whole length of the building with an overhead traveller for removing the carcasses of dead animals."A similar building of 12 stalls, designated as cattle byres, was erected immediately to the north but it does not survive. The total cost of the complex to October 1909 was £5,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1910 Dodd resigned and Pound was transferred from the Bacteriological Institute, taking charge of the new Station until his retirement in 1932, when the facility was renamed the Animal Health Station and a large wing was added to the northern side of the main building to provide additional laboratories. This wing comprised three rooms accessed by a verandah on the western side, part of which was later in-filled. Some original benches and bookcases have been removed. A verandah annex accommodating toilet, store, shower and dressing room on the 1909 section was extended in 1940 to include a ladies dressing room and the whole was modified in 1958 for further laboratory space and updated staffroom and toilets.</p><br>
<p>Facilities for undertaking post mortems were an essential part of the work of the Stock Experiment Station. The first detached post mortem building was erected in the 1920s and by the early 1930s a new one was required. This building, the Animal Morgue, was erected in 1934 to designs prepared by Department of Public Works architect DFW Roberts. It comprised a single room with a purpose-built concrete mortuary table in the centre and two concrete dissecting benches against the northern wall. As much as possible of the building was constructed of concrete for ease of cleaning and hygiene. It was well ventilated with ceiling vents and a Robinson&#39;s Patent ventilator on the roof. The joins between walls and floor were coved. The windows and doors were timber and fly-screens were provided to all openings. Taps operated by foot remain at the dissecting bench in the north-eastern corner.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, staff carried out the first animal husbandry research studies in Queensland with nutritional experiments on pigs and poultry. Major alterations were undertaken in 1939 to convert the Animal Health Station for use as an anatomy school by the University of Queenslands Veterinary School. In April 1935 Queensland Premier William Forgan Smith had stated the reasoning behind the governments funding of a veterinary school for Queensland - that:"Queensland... was a primary producer, and its problems could in large measure be solved by research; veterinary science would supplement the contribution of agriculture... a scientific veterinary staff would enable the Department of Agriculture and Stock to deal efficiently with all aspects of veterinary problems and only a Queensland school could meet Queenslands needs..."The Courier Mail concurred:"animal husbandry, sheep, beef and diary cattle supported the whole edifice of the states economy. The need was clear..."Subsequently, in 1936, a faculty of Veterinary Science had been established within the University of Queensland to provide local training for veterinarians. For practical and economic reasons the faculty used the existing facilities at the Animal Health Station at Yeerongpilly and the North Queensland Stock Experiment Station at Oonoonba in Townsville (est. 1915), as it was thought that their work would complement that of the Veterinary Science Department.</p><br>
<p>A dedicated building for the School was planned for the Yeerongpilly site and its first stage - comprising part of the animal hospital and the northern wing of the main building - was completed in 1938. Facilities for anatomy were still required so the 1909 stable was altered for this purpose by infilling the door openings on the north with weatherboards and casement windows, lining interior walls with VJ pine boards, inserting a ceiling and covering the brick floor with a concrete slab. (It is not clear if all brick floors were simply covered or some removed. Some channeled brick flooring remains in the room on the south-eastern corner of the stable in 2011.) In a skillion-roofed, weatherboard-clad annex was erected along the stable&#39;s eastern side.</p><br>
<p>The final two stages in the building of the Veterinary School were completed by 1940 commencing with the remainder of the Hospital Block and the southern wing, and ending with the eastern (entry) wing. It contained five laboratories, offices, library, dark room, stores, toilets, locker and common rooms; the northern wing offices, lecture rooms, X-ray room and operating theatres; and the southern wing a museum, preparation room, post-mortem room and common room. The Hospital Block was L-shaped forming a courtyard at the rear of Main Building. It provided accommodation for cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and small animals receiving treatment. A two-storey fodder store was located on the south-western corner of the Hospital Block and a blacksmith shop on the eastern end of its southern wing. The construction of the Veterinary School was completed for £26,000.</p><br>
<p>The Veterinary School suspended its activities during World War II. The United States Army&#39;s 3rd Medical Laboratory arrived in Brisbane in June 1942, and its Headquarters Section moved into the new Veterinary School buildings soon after. The functions of a Medical Laboratory (on behalf of US Army medical units) included: water analyses; examination of food supplies; investigation of epidemics and epizootics; and the distribution of special laboratory supplies. The laboratories performed special serological, bacteriological, pathological and chemical examinations, and would have played an important role in safeguarding the health of US troops operating in a tropical environment.</p><br>
<p>Medical Laboratories could also furnish support for post mortem examinations. The USA Quartermaster had a morgue in Yeerongpilly by October 1943, and this was probably the morgue at the School. US military personnel who died in Australia were buried locally, including at Ipswich, and their bodies were returned to the USA after the war.</p><br>
<p>The 3rd Medical Laboratory was the only laboratory in the South West Pacific Area until mid 1943, and it also functioned as a Malaria School. Apparently it did not treat any patients. A Veterinary Officer also served at the Headquarters section, to supervise the animal section of the laboratory. In August 1943 the 3rd Medical Laboratory was replaced at Yeerongpilly by the 8th Medical Laboratory, which left Australia in late August 1944. The circular garden arrangement with flagpole located in front of the Veterinary School is a typical US Army design, and probably dates from the period of US occupation. The Veterinary School was handed back to the government in excellent order, with some improvements, in September 1944. After the departure of the US Army, staff from the Stock Experiment Station Main Building moved into the Veterinary School Main Building. In 1946-7 the university moved into relocated timber buildings on site. The University of Queenslands Veterinary School remained there in temporary accommodation until February 1961 when the school moved to the universitys St Lucia campus.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1930s, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR, later CSIRO, established in 1926 by the Australian Government) were conducting research on stock in Queensland, collaborating with and complementing the work of the Department of Agriculture and Stock. This interaction saw responsibilities for certain aspects of pest control and research shift between the organizations. Over time a number of scientists involved in animal research worked for both organizations. Among these scientists, one who had a longstanding and important association with Yeerongpilly was Dr Frederick Hugh Sherston Roberts (1901-1972). Born in Rockhampton, Roberts studied at the University of Queensland and was based at Yeerongpilly from 1933 as an entomologist and parasitologist. Roberts specialized in researching parasitic diseases of livestock and was sent abroad for this purpose, and additionally researched domestic animal parasites.</p><br>
<p>From 1945, CSIR were using the Stock Experiment Station Main Building. In 1947 Roberts was appointed as principal research officer and officer-in charge of the new CSIR Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory at Yeerongpilly. The CSIR announced in early 1948 that in tandem with beef production expansion, Queensland would become the Australian centre for research into the industry. In June of that year the Department of Agriculture and Stock announced that the CSIR would be granted for ten years, "free of interest" the buildings at the State Animal Health laboratory.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, CSIR was renamed CSIRO, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. A timber wing was added on the southern side of the Stock Experiment Station Main Building in 1950 to provide additional facilities for CSIRO&#39;s Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory. Under the leadership of Roberts, this laboratory became known internationally for its work on parasitic diseases of cattle. A number of other subsidiary buildings were also erected on the site during this period to accommodate the work of CSIRO.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the Animal Health Station was renamed the Animal Research Institute and from 1967 Queensland Government laboratory staff were again housed in the Stock Experiment Station Main Building, following CSIRO&#39;s departure for new laboratories at Long Pocket, Indooroopilly.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 about 21 acres (approx.8.5 hectares) of the site was transferred to the Brisbane City Council and then on to the State Electricity Authority for the development of the Tennyson Power Station, which has since been demolished to make way for riverside apartment blocks and a tennis centre.</p><br>
<p>There are several buildings on site that are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. In 1956 three buildings were erected at the rear of western wing of the Veterinary School Hospital Block - two brick buildings accommodating animal stalls and a metal-clad and framed building for stores. The c.1938 garage adjacent to the northern end of the hospital was also extended as part of these additions. In 1960 a brick staff amenities building was erected adjacent to the stores building and abutting the western wall of the Hospital Block. These buildings demonstrate the expansion of the Animal Research Institute in the 1950s and early 1960s but are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. Several timber buildings erected in the early 1950s to provide additional offices and laboratory accommodation are located immediately to the rear of the Stock Experiment Station Main Building. These buildings are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>Work carried out by the Institute over the years includes testing to diagnose diseases of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, deer, pigs and poultry. It is famous for its research into cattle tick fever and developing vaccines against stock diseases. Research work has been carried out on plant poisons, infectious and parasitic diseases, trace element deficiencies and metabolic disorders. Many diseases of livestock were first diagnosed and described at Yeerongpilly, leading to effective control measures being developed. The research undertaken by the Institute has been a major factor in the development of pastoral primary industries in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Following road works in 1983 the main entrance to the Institute was relocated from Fairfield Road to Ortive Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 the Department of Primary Industries opened the CJ Pound Laboratory at the Tick Fever Research Centre at Wacol, in honour of a man who was described by one newspaper as the "boffin" who "saved the cattle industry".</p><br>
<p>In 2011 the Institute has vacated the site which is to be redeveloped.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Animal Research Institute is a complex of buildings, sheds and animal pens on a 12 hectare site in the Brisbane suburb of Yeerongpilly. Those structures considered of state-level heritage significance are: the Stock Experiment Station Main Building (1909), an associated Stable (1909), the purpose-built Animal Morgue (1934), and the Veterinary School Main Building and Hospital Block (1938-1940). The entire Institute site is bound on the north by King Arthur Terrace, to the east by Fairfield Road, on the south by the Tennyson Branch Railway line, and to the west by an easement shared with the Queensland Tennis Centre. Its entrance is on King Arthur Terrace on the north-eastern corner and the significant buildings are clustered on higher ground across the eastern half of the site with the remaining, lower area comprising many large, fenced yards of grass.</p><br>
<h3>Stock Experiment Station Main Building</h3><br>
<p>The Stock Experiment Station Main Building is a large timber-framed building comprising a central rectangular core with wings to the north (1932) and south (1950). All the building&#39;s phases feature verandahs, some of which are enclosed. The building is low-set and single-storey except for the southern wing which, in using the slope of the land, is two-storey. The roof is hipped and sheeted with corrugated metal and has three metal ventilators on the centre ridge which are not original. This building occupies the centre of the site facing east onto a large asphalted forecourt used for car parking. The view this forecourt provides of what has historically been the front facade of the earliest building on the Institute site is considered of cultural heritage significance, while the asphalt itself is not.</p><br>
<p>The different phases of construction of this building are distinguishable in its fabric. The original 1909 core is in a Federation style, the northern wing (1932) has elements typical of the interwar classical style, and the southern wing (1950) is in a post-war functionalist style. The exterior of the building is clad with chamferboards on the core and southern wing and weatherboards on the northern wing. The core is surrounded by verandahs which are mostly enclosed. The southern and northern wings are long and narrow and have verandahs on their western sides providing access to the rooms that open from them.</p><br>
<p>The composition of the eastern facade reflects the symmetrical plan of the core. The open verandah has a small, projecting central gabled entrance with decorative timber battens and arches sheltering a short timber stair. A later timber ramp provides access to its southern end, which is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. Each verandah end is enclosed with glazing, weatherboards, and fibrous cement sheeting. The verandah balustrade is a timber post and rail arrangement that is not original and therefore not of cultural heritage significance. The verandah ceiling is tongue-and-groove jointed boarding on the rake and the floor is recent shot-edge boards.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s 1909 core comprises six rooms and a central hall leading off the east-facing front verandah to one of the rooms, a large laboratory, to the west. The hall has a decorative timber battened arch with moulded brackets and architrave. All rooms (except the laboratory) have pressed metal ceilings, pressed metal cornices, and decorative, ventilated ceiling roses some of which have evidence of gas pendant lights which are not extant. The ceiling of the former laboratory is lined with flat sheeting with no cornice. The other rooms, formerly laboratories and store rooms, have plastered walls with rounded corners which are stop-chamfered near the ceiling. The hall walls are timber, vertically-jointed boards. There are no skirtings or rails throughout and all walls and ceilings are painted. The floors are lined with non-original carpet or vinyl, coverings which are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The rooms feature a number of built-in timber cabinets, shelves, work benches, and freestanding furniture that are early or original. Original internal doors are timber with stop-chamfered detailing and have early or original brass (as well as more recent) door furniture. A number of recent doors have been installed throughout the 1909 core and are not of cultural heritage significance. Timber French doors with glazing and decorative bolection moulding and timber casement windows open onto the eastern verandah. Some of these doors and windows retain original glazed fanlights with curved brass opening stays and mechanisms with ceramic knobs. Projecting from the north- western corner of the rear, western verandah are a number of smaller rooms containing toilets and a shower, a staff room, and a small laboratory. The walls and ceilings of these rooms are lined with fibrous cement sheeting and rounded cover strips, and the floors are finished with vinyl, ceramic tiles, and terrazzo. The 1909 laboratory contains equipment, cupboards, and workbenches.</p><br>
<p>The core of the Station Main Building is supported on low concrete stumps, and timber and steel posts. There is a small, timber enclosure under the core on its southern side that contains a small laboratory with shelving, workbenches, and cupboards.</p><br>
<p>The Station Main Building&#39;s northern wing comprises three rooms and a semi-enclosed, west-facing verandah. It is supported on low concrete stumps, and timber and steel posts. Tongue-and-groove jointed boarding lines the ceilings of each room and the floors are covered in vinyl or carpet. The walls of the central room are sheeted while the walls of the other two rooms have vertically-jointed boards with moulded belt rails. The rooms contain some solid timber furniture, wall-hung cupboards, and workbenches that appear original to the 1932 construction date. One original timber-boarded door remains in the southern-most room. The original windows are timber-framed and double- hung or casements with fanlights. Air conditioning units have replaced some windows however those remaining retain original brass hardware.</p><br>
<p>The southern wing comprises two levels, four rooms on the upper floor and three rooms and a toilets area on the lower, connected by a stair to west-facing verandahs. This building wing is founded on a concrete slab partially suspended and supported on brick-faced foundations. The rooms have plasterboard ceilings with a large coved cornice, plasterboard walls, a square timber skirting, and vinyl covered floors. The rooms contain solid timber built-in workbenches and wall- hung cupboards that are original to the 1950 construction date. The rooms also feature a number of solid timber, freestanding pieces of furniture. The doors are timber with a glazed panel and some have screens. The original windows are timber-framed with two layers, an inner set of double hung sashes and an outer layer of casements. Those on the eastern side have timber brackets with slots for a workbench shield. The toilet ceilings and walls are sheeted, and the floor is a vinyl composite coved to the wall. The fixtures are original.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the western side of the Stock Experiment Station&#39;s northern wing is a small building, rectangular in plan with a Dutch gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting, weatherboard clad walls, and a concrete slab floor. The top section of the exterior walls is in-filled with mesh to the soffit allowing ventilation of the interior. A channel in the slab drains into a drainage trough running around the base of the south-western corner. A concrete ramp leads to a door on the side of the building and a large concrete open-topped tank is positioned next to the north-eastern side. The doors are timber, one having a screen. Some windows have been sheeted up to hold air conditioning units, while others are later aluminium-framed sliders.</p><br>
<h3>Stable</h3><br>
<p>The Stable (1909) is located nearby to the north of the Stock Experiment Station Main Building. It is a long rectangle in plan with a hipped and gabled roof. A small secondary gable extends about three- quarters the length of the main ridge to assist ventilation. All roof planes are sheeted with corrugated metal. The stable is timber-framed, and clad in weatherboards. The floor is a concrete slab with areas of early brick flooring visible in the rooms on its eastern side. The gable end walls have ventilated weatherboards at the apex. The interior is divided into a number of rooms by a combination of vertically-jointed boarding and sheet walls. The doors are all modern and not significant. The early windows are double-hung timber sashes. Some have had air conditioning units installed in the bottom sash. Channels in the floor connect to an external concrete spoon drain that runs around the base of the building. In the largest room, facing west, meshed ventilation windows are positioned near the floor. A freestanding building which is not significant is located on the eastern side of the stable separated by a very narrow space with a concrete spoon drain.</p><br>
<h3>Animal Morgue</h3><br>
<p>The Animal Morgue (1934) is situated north of the Stable. The morgue is a cement-rendered concrete structure, square in plan, with a timber-framed pyramid roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting. A large metal ventilation fleche caps the ridge. A timber lean-to that is not significant shelters the entry doors. There are prominent stepped architraves around the exteriors of the windows. The interior walls are cement-rendered with coving to all corners. The floor is concrete, while the ceiling is white-painted cement sheet with dark- stained timber battens forming a geometric pattern. The ceiling features lattice timber ventilation panels and a skylight at the southern end made with translucent corrugated plastic sheeting. The double door is timber with multi-light glazed panels. The windows are multi-light, timber double-hung sashes and have external hinged timber-framed screens. There are small high level windows in the west wall. All glass in the building is obscured. A steel I-beam spans the width of the room from north to south. In the north-western corner is a concrete dissecting bench with drain and in the north-eastern corner is a similar bench with a ceramic sink and associated foot-operated tap. These tables drain to an integrated concrete surface gutter that runs around the western and northern edges of the floor. There is a central floor drain.</p><br>
<h3>Veterinary School Main Building</h3><br>
<p>The Veterinary School Main Building is located to the south-east of the Stock Experiment Station Main Building, facing east towards Fairfield Road. It is a large, single storey, U-shaped building of brick construction with a hipped roof clad with tiles. The building is notable for its Interwar Classical design and detailing, including its symmetrical plan form, high ceilings, interior colour scheme of white paint and dark-stained timber, and the rhythmic placement of its windows. The exterior of the building is glazed brick with cream- painted, cement-rendered dressings. The symmetrical front facade has a central pedimented entry and flanking wings with rhythmically placed windows terminating in projecting bays. The entry is prominent, having brick planters and metal pedestal lights with large globe-shaped shades. A metal awning shelters the door and is not significant.</p><br>
<p>The entry foyer has a terrazzo floor, rendered walls scored to imitate stonework, moulded timber picture rail, decorative plaster cornice, and stained and clear lacquered timber doors with leaded glazing panels, sidelights, and fanlights. A timber-framed reception window opens into the adjacent room. The room features timber, wall-hung display cabinet and pigeon holes, and a large amount of veterinary science paraphernalia.</p><br>
<p>The building plan is arranged around a central corridor that runs down all wings providing access to variously sized rooms on either side. The entry (eastern) wing contains laboratories, offices, toilets, and store rooms. The southern wing contains similar spaces and also a dark room and the post-mortem room. This is a large room, its floor set lower than the other rooms with coved concrete skirtings. It has a large doorway to the exterior in-filled with more recent glazing and a timber door, and a steel I-beam on the ceiling above the door. The northern wing again contains laboratories, offices and store rooms, but also a large lecture room with dais and kitchenette, and an equine operating theatre. Another large room, it has concrete floors, coved concrete skirtings, walls tiled to shoulder height, a steel I-beam and hoist trolley fixed to the ceiling above the large doorway to the exterior.</p><br>
<p>The Veterinary School building interior has sheeting and batten cover strips lining its ceilings in a geometric pattern. The ceiling ventilation panels have all been sheeted over. Walls are rendered, and floors are finished with carpet, vinyl, or sealed concrete coved to the walls. There are dark-stained and clear-finished timber skirtings, cornices, picture rails, and architraves in most rooms. Room names are painted on timber panels and fixed above doorways. The timber doors match the other timberwork in the building with circular, glass observation panels, or panels with bolection moulding. Most retain original brass hardware and some the original auto-closers. Windows are timber-framed double-hung sashes or timber-framed fixed panes; many of which have external, hinged, timber-framed screens and retain original brass hardware.</p><br>
<p>The building retains many original items of built-in and freestanding furniture including terrazzo-topped, cantilevered concrete work benches, solid timber cabinets, drawers, cupboards, ceramic pedestal basins, wall-hung timber display cases, and picture frames. The toilets retain original partitions and doors as well as many fixtures and fittings. Cupboards and store rooms retain original timber shelving.</p><br>
<p>The main facade of the building looks to the east and a grassed area where a large, circular garden bed formed by concrete edging is positioned. Its shape and extent are significant but not the edging. In its centre is a steel flagpole dating from the period of the School&#39;s occupation during WWII. The building wings facing to the west enclose a small courtyard which has large sections of concrete pathway and some plantings, none of which are significant.</p><br>
<h3>Veterinary School Hospital Block</h3><br>
<p>The Veterinary School Hospital Block is located to the west of the Veterinary School Main Building and its L-shaped plan completes a large grassed courtyard between the two. The hospital block is long and narrow with small stalls for animals along the western range, a two-level, brick fodder store in the south-western corner, a series of work rooms by the yard entrance on the north-west, further work rooms in the southern range terminating to the east with a blacksmiths room with forge and chimney. It combines glazed brickwork (the same as in the Veterinary School Main Building adjacent) and timber construction with a hipped roof over the fodder store and skillion roofs elsewhere; all clad with corrugated metal sheets. The interior walls of the animal stalls are painted brick with concrete floors. Enclosure on the yard side is by timber half-doors, steel mesh, and fly screens. Small, high-level windows feature on the rear wall. A timber and mesh enclosure runs along the front of the animal stalls and a concrete apron with drain extends into the courtyard. The workrooms and blacksmiths room have timber double-hung sash windows and ceilings of jointed boarding. The forge is sheeted over internally. The upper level of the fodder store is accessed by a timber stair and door on its western facade, where a large timber beam and part of a pulley is fixed to the ceiling above the doorway. There is evidence of a trap door into the lower level. The three-bay garage on the northern end of the hospital block&#39;s western range of rooms opens to the north. Adjacent to this is a small reception office, gate, and store rooms that attach to the north-western end of the Veterinary School Main Building.</p><br>
<p>Additions have been made to the western side of the Hospital Block and are not of heritage significance. Nor are the garages that were part of its original construction (1938–40).</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Animal Research Institute Buildings were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 June 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Animal Research Institute at Yeerongpilly was the oldest facility of its kind in Queensland, its work having begun with the establishment of the Stock Experiment Station in 1909 - the states first purpose-built, farm-based animal research laboratory - and continued until its closure in 2010. The place demonstrates the enduring importance of the pastoral primary industries to Queenslands economy and the commitment of successive governments to supporting this industry through scientific research into its productivity, most particularly the diseases that threatened its profitability.</p><br>
<p>The Veterinary School Main Building and Hospital Block (1938-1940) were the first purpose-built facility for tertiary-level veterinary science training in Queensland. The buildings demonstrate the formalisation of professional training in the medical and veterinary sciences, and its physical association within professional facilities, an approach being strongly advocated by the state government at the time.</p><br>
<p>Over the course of its long history the Animal Research Institute (former) has accommodated the work of the state government&#39;s Animal Research Institute, the University of Queensland Veterinary School and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The place is associated with important scientific advances in diagnostic research into the prevention and treatment of diseases in livestock, and the development and supply of vaccines, to which all of these organisations have contributed.</p><br>
<p>The circular garden bed and flagpole at the front of the Veterinary School Main Building provide the only evidence of the occupation of it, and other parts of the site now demolished, by the United States Army during World War II. The 3rd Medical Laboratory, based there from 1942 until 1943 when the 8th Medical Laboratory took its place, played an important role in safeguarding the health of US troops operating in a tropical environment and was the only laboratory in the South West Pacific Area until mid 1943.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Stock Experiment Station Main Building (1909), Stable (1909) and Animal Morgue (1934) are important as a demonstration of the principal characteristics of an animal research facility, comprising research laboratories, offices, animal accommodation and handling, and facility for conducting post mortems.</p><br>
<p>The Veterinary School Main Building and Hospital Block (1938-1940) are important as a demonstration of the principal characteristics of Queensland&#39;s first veterinary school, including formally composed facades, offices, a lecture room, library, laboratories, animal operating and post-mortem rooms, animal stalls, fodder store and blacksmith.</p><br>
<p>The Stock Experiment Station Main Building, Animal Morgue, Veterinary School Main Building, and Hospital Block are substantially intact and retain original interior and exterior detailing to facilitate superior functionality, as well as built-in and loose furniture, fixtures, and fittings used specifically for performing animal research, all of which provide a clear demonstration of the original function of the place.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The core of the Stock Experiment Station Main Building and the Stable, the earliest parts of the former Animal Research Institute, have a special association with Charles Joseph Pound (b. 1866, d. 1946), the inaugural director of the Queensland Stock Institute, the first such laboratory in Australia, and head of the facility at Yeerongpilly from 1910 to 1932 when he retired. Pound is credited with the research and development that provided a means of preventing the spread of Redwater Disease, which caused heavy losses to Queensland&#39;s vital cattle industry during the late nineteenth century. Under the auspices of the Institute Pound conducted the first inoculation studies into this disease in Australia and established a methodology and dosage that are still used worldwide.</p><br>
<p>The former Animal Research Institute also has a special association with the internationally renowned parasitologist and entomologist Dr Frederick Hugh Sherston Roberts (b. 1901, d. 1972) who began work at the Yeerongpilly research facility in 1933 when it was known as the Animal Health Station. Following World War II, he returned to work at Yeerongpilly and under his direction as principal research officer and officer-in-charge of CSIRO&#39;s veterinary parasitology laboratory (1947-1966) the Yeerongpilly institute gained an international reputation for its studies of parasitic diseases in cattle.</p><br>
<p>The Thetford Center Historic District encompasses the village of Thetford Center in Thetford, Vermont. The village contains a well-preserved collection of early to mid-19th century architecture, a legacy of its period of greatest prosperity as an agricultural and industrial center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Thetford was chartered in 1761 by Benning Wentworth, governor of the Province of New Hampshire. What is now known as Thetford Center began as a sawmill and gristmill on the Ompompanoosuc River in 1772. The village grew in the first half of the 19th century as a predominantly industrial village, producing textiles and strawboard, made with scrap paper remnants. Later in the 19th century wood product factories benefited from the area&#39;s water power. Most of its remaining waterfront industries were condemned in the 1950s as part of a flood control project, leaving a predominantly residential, commercial, and civic village.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is mostly arrayed on Vermont Route 113 between Tucker Hill Road and Buzzell Bridge Road. It extends some way along both of those roads, running on Tucker Hill Road to the Thetford Center Covered Bridge. Most of the villages buildings were built between 1800 and 1880, and reflect the Federal, Greek Revival, and Italianate styles popular in the time period. Prominent buildings include the Hezekiah Porter House, at the northwest corner of VT 113 and Tucker Hill Road, a fine Federal period brick house, and the Gothic Revival Methodist Church. The district also includes surviving elements of the villages industrial past, which primarily consist of dams and foundations of mills along the Ompompanoosuc River.</p><br>
<p>Lake Dot or is a 5.42 acre natural freshwater lake in central Orlando, Florida. Lake Dot, an almost round lake, is in the Lake Dot neighborhood of the city. It is in a completely urbanized area with homes and businesses surrounding it. A fountain is near the center of this lake. The north side of the lake is bounded by Colonial Drive, a very busy thoroughfare. It appears a small portion of the lake was filled in to allow Colonial to run in a straight line. On the south is Concord Street and on the east and west sides, Lake Dot is bordered by Lake Dot Circle.</p><br>
<p>Lake Dot is surrounded by Lake Dot Park, a thin strip of public land between the lake&#39;s edge and the surrounding roads. This strip is wider along the south. While this park is noted in maps of the city of Orlando, it not noted as an official park. There is no information about the types of fish in this lake. There is no swimming or boating allowed at this lake.</p><br>
<p>Damat Ali-Paša`s turbeh is an Ottoman mausoleum erected in 1784 in Belgrade, Serbia. It held the body of the vizier Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha. The building is situated in the Upper town of the Belgrade Fortress. Along with Sheik Mustafa`s Tomb, this monument represents one of the only remaining examples of Islamic funerary architecture in Belgrade.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the turbeh is known from archival material from the Ottoman period; from rich 18th century cartographic material; and from a marble memorial plaque which once stood above the entrance to the turbeh.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, the plaque was taken to Budapest. In 1958, it was returned to Belgrade through the process of restitution of the cultural properties. For a time, the plaque was kept at the Belgrade Military Museum, and then it was returned to the turbeh. However, the plaque did not fit the place for it above the portal of the turbeh. Reviews of all the historic research and precise dating of the plaque and turbeh were undertaken.</p><br>
<p>The text on the plaque tells that Damat Ali-Paša, a vizier (high ranking political officer) was buried by his muhurdar (keeper of the official seal). After the end of Austrian occupation with the Treaty of Belgrade (1739), the muhurdar returned to Belgrade as a defterdar (treasury official). In 1741 1742, he erected the turbeh at the previous burial site.</p><br>
<p>This data is confirmed by the Turkish archival material, specifying that Damat Ali-Paša`s turbeh was located next to the sultan Mehmed`s Mosque. The position of this mosque as well as the position of the turbeh was precisely documented in several documents. Damat Ali-Paša died in 1716. and was buried in Belgrade. The important data for the location of the original position of Damat Ali-Pašas grave was the position of sultan Suleiman`s mosque, erected soon after the first Turkish conquest of Belgrade in 1521, and in whose vicinity Damat Ali-Paša was buried. This mosque does not exist nowadays and is only preserved in traces. Based on the existing cartographic material, it is a reliable assumption that the mosque was located in the Upper town of the Belgrade Fortress, 40-50m east from the Mehmed Paša Sokolović`s Fountain. During the huge Austrian reconstruction of the Belgrade Fortress in the period between 1718 and 1725, the levelling of the Lower town was done, and almost all structures from the earlier period were destroyed. The above-mentioned mosque was destroyed during these works, as well as the burial place of Damat Ali-Paša. After the return of the Turkish authority to Belgrade, in 1740, they saw a completely new look of the Upper town of the Belgrade Fortress. On that occasion, the existing Austrian building of the guards was adapted to the new Imperial Mosque of sultan Mahmud. As it was already mentioned a defterdar Mustafa, former muhurdar (the keeper of the seal) of Damat Ali-Paša, on that occasion, in 1741-1742, erected a turbeh on the site of Damat Ali-Paša`s burial place, east from the new mosque. The traces of this object of the hexagonal base around 5m wide, were preserved, and according to the preserved cartographic data it was covered with a calotte and six-arched roof. Along with these objects, the plans show seven more turbehs of square base in the area around the mosque, probably designed in the form of the open canopy on the top of the graves with scopes. One of the most special and most worth documents for dating and attribution are the plans from the Military Archive in Vienna (KAW sig. G I b 44-1 and sig. G I b 45), on which the turbeh in the central part of the Upper town in the Belgrade Fortress was marked as the “burial place of the Paša who died in 1784“. According to the data from the Turkish archive material, the same year was the year when great vizier Izzet Mehmed Pasha was buried in the Upper town of the Belgrade Fortress. The mentioned data suggest that the turbeh in the Upper town, which is preserved until today, was erected as the memorial to Izzet Mehmed Pasha. The text on the mentioned scope from 1818–1819, found in the turbeh, proves that the Belgrade vizier of that time Маršali - Paša believed that he was renewing the desecrated grave and the turbeh of Damat Ali-Pašas, as well as the data that the grave was desecrated when the Christians took over Belgrade. Two decades later, the vizier Selim-Paša was buried in this turbeh, who was appointed the Belgrade muhafiz (the commander of the city) in 1847, and suddenly died 41 days later. Thanks to the comprehensive legend from one of the Turkish plans from the mid-19th century (the plan from the Archive of Serbia sig. GK 7), the data was saved that this turbeh was also the burial place of Hasan-Paša. Probably it refers to Hasan-Paša Češmeli, who was appointed the Belgrade muhafiz in 1848, and remained in that position until his death in 1850. After the withdrawal of the Turkish army in 1867, the turbeh served as a storage building, and then as a museum of old weapons and trophies. During the bombing of Belgrade in 1915, the portal and one part of the niche where the original inscription was, were completely destroyed. Soon after that, in 1915, the Austrians began reconstructing the turbeh. The work on the final reconstruction were undertaken by the Municipality of Belgrade in the 1930s. In place of the old broken plaque with the inscription, a new plaque was placed in the niche above the portal. Тhe plaque bears the inscription both in Serbian and in Arabic that the turbeh is the burial place of Damat Ali-Paša, the conqueror of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The turbeh is a simple building of a simple hexagonal base, with shallow calotte on the top which rests upon the drum. The structure was built from the properly hewn stone blocks. The only decorative accent on the exterior are divided profiled cornices and a profiled portal above which there was a niche where the original inscription was. Opposite the entrance, on the southeast wall, there is a niche with ornamented upper part. On the same part of the wall there are small holes for the cressets, which flank the mentioned niche. On the remaining four walls there are windows. The entire building is seven metres tall. In the central part of the turbeh there is a rectangular burial construction, dimensions 2.20 m x 0.85 m x 145 m. Above this grave there used to be Izzet Mehmed Pasha&#39;s telescope, which was not preserved. In the available photo-documentation, the building was shown with a six-arched roof covered with tiles. Considering that in the itinerary, dealing with the description of the oriental Belgrade (Hans Kunic, 1673.), it was stated that „Turkish temples“ were covered with lead, and that very often it was used as the system of roofing of sacral and funerary structures, there is a possibility that the roof of Damat Ali-Paša`s turbeh was realized in the same way. With its shape, the turbeh fits in the standard shape of the representative funerary structures from the Ottoman Empire rule. More modest forms of this type of mausoleums implied the construction of the open for of canopy resting on four or more columns. Although such forms of grave memorials were erected on the territory of Belgrade, unfortunately, none was preserved. The developed, polygonal, most often hexagonal structure was usual for the Ottoman funerary architecture and served for the burial of Turkish famous and dignified persons.</p><br>
<p>The development of the Turkish architecture on the territory of Belgrade can best be observed on the area of Belgrade Fortress. However, on the mentioned area, very rarely a uniqueness of one historical period can be observed, taking into consideration the massive destructions and reconstructions. The time period, which could be, with short breaks, determined as the Turkish period dates from the 1521. and 1867. There are not so many original structures of the Ottoman architecture on the Belgrade Fortress, so that that period always relies and relates to the previous periods. First of all, it is about the utilitarian military architecture. One of the rare structures preserved in its original and authentic form is Damat Ali-Pašas turbeh. Damat Ali-Pašas turbeh represents the significant cultural and historical value as the material testimony of the historical development of the city of Belgrade and the architectural value as a rare and representative monument of Ottoman architecture in Belgrade.</p><br>
<h2>Research and Studies</h2><br>
<p>Over the last one hundred years, several researches and studies have been published about Damat Ali-Paša&#39;s turbeh. A former clerk of the Turkish embassy in Belgrade, Теvdih Remzi, managed to decrypt the text from the damaged memorial plaque above the portal of the turbeh, and identified the structure as the burial place of Hadži Mustafa Pasha, a Belgrade vizier, murdered in 1801. During his stay in Belgrade during the First World War, 1916–17, Remzi corrected this attitude, by decrypting more precisely the text from the above-mentioned plaque as:“ With the effort of Hadži Mustafa Paša, Šehid Ali Paša`s turbeh was repaired“, thus identifying the turbeh as the memorial to the eminent Turkish commander Damat Ali-Paša. This identification denied the widespread belief that the turbeh was the burial place of Kara Mustafa Pasha, who, in 1683, after the defeat near Vienna, was murdered in Belgrade by the order of sultan Mehmed IV. During the research in 1936-37, and the restoration works on the turbeh, conducted by Меhmed Delić, on the burial site in the turbeh he found a broken scope with the inscription on it from 1818/19. The decrypted text from the scope proves that the structure was erected at the burial site of Damat Ali-Paša, and renewed in 1818-1819. In the study dedicated to the Ottoman architecture in Belgrade Divan Đurić - Zamolo defines that the structure dates back to 1716-1717, and the architect I. Zdravković shared the same view. The largest and most detailed study so far has been published by Marko Popović in 1991, which proves that the turbeh was erected in 1784, as the memorial to Izzet Mehmed Pasha, and whose data served as the basis for this appendix.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Farm Racecourse and Ascot Railway station is a heritage-listed pair of racecourse and railway station at 230 Lancaster Road, Ascot, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1863 onwards. The racecourse is also known as Ascot Racecourse and Brisbane Racecourse, and Ascot railway station was previously known as Racecourse railway station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 June 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Eagle Farm Racecourse was established in 1863 and continues to operate as one of Queenslands premier racecourses. Additions and extensions include the establishment of the Pinkenba railway line (1882), the Paddock Stand (1889), the St Leger Stand (1913 with extensions in 1938), the Totalisator Building (1913 with extensions in the 1920s and 1950s), the entrance gates (1913), ticket boxes (1914), the Members Stand (1925) and the John Power Stand (1958), as well as a number of other timber and brick buildings and timber stabling areas. The Ascot railway station opened in September 1882 to bring race-goers to the Eagle Farm Racecourse.</p><br>
<p>Horse racing was one of the earliest sports practiced in Queensland following the opening of the Moreton Bay district in 1842. Organised by the Moreton Bay Racing Club, the first recorded horse races in Brisbane were held at Coopers Plains on 17 July 1843. A racecourse at New Farm had been established by May 1846, when the first races were held there during that year and operated until the early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the Eagle Farm Racecourse in 1863 signaled the demise of the course at New Farm. A grant of 320 acres was approved with the site being named the "Brisbane Racecourse". The Deed of Grant for the racecourse land, signed by Governor Bowen on 12 October 1863, stipulated that "the appropriation thereof as a racecourse and for no other purpose whatsoever". It was placed under the trusteeship of Maurice Charles OConnell MLC, John Frederick McDougall MLC and George Harris MLC, members of the Queensland Turf Club. A grandstand capable of seating 350 people was erected and a saddling paddock was constructed before the first three-day meeting at the Eagle Farm Racecourse took place on 14 August 1865. Attended by about 2000 people, the races took place in a thickly forested area, and race-goers could catch only occasional glimpses of the horses. The first Chairman was Colonel MC OConnell who served the club in this capacity until 1875. At the time of his appointment, O&#39;Connell was president of the Queensland Legislative Council, a position he held from 1860-1879.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Turf Club (QTC) assumed a leadership role in the state&#39;s racing industry, which was formalized by the Brisbane Racecourse Act 1875 coming into force. It empowered the Trustees to deal with the land covered by the 1863 Deed of Grant and initiated sale of parts of it to the north of the present-day race track, starting in 1876 and continuing into the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Despite the early establishment of the QTC, horse racing in Queensland did not become popular on a larger scale until the 1880s. Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, the Club divested itself of some of its land in order to pay off the considerable mortgage which earlier borrowing had necessitated. The racecourse was also used for other purposes - cricket matches during the 1870s as well as polo matches from 1877 to. By the end of the 1880s, however, the boom in racing had resulted in an increase in the number of meetings. A new code of rules (1885) modelled on those of the English Jockey Club was adopted and a system of registration of all racing clubs under the QTC rules was instituted. The Club thereby constituted itself the supreme racing authority in the colony and the ultimate court of appeal. Another significant step undertaken during the 1880s was the publication of the first edition of The Queensland Racing Calendar in 1886.</p><br>
<p>A boom in racing at the end of the 1880s led to a mushrooming of clubs and meetings. The senior club was the QTC, which staged four 2-3 day meetings per year at Eagle Farm Racecourse, coinciding with the main public holidays: Christmas, New Years Day, the Queens Birthday, the Brisbane Exhibition and the Prince of Waless birthday. With several clubs and courses in operation in Brisbane, meetings often clashed; consequently, in May 1890 the leading racing clubs agreed to empower the QTC to allot dates for meetings, thereby confirming it as the premier club. The second major metropolitan club was the Tattersalls Club, which did not have its own track but preferred to rent the Eagle Farm course for £300 per year for its two meetings, in autumn and near the end of the year. The Tattersall&#39;s Club held its first meeting at the Eagle Farm Racecourse on 10 December 1884.</p><br>
<p>In the early years, race-goers drove in their buggies or rode their horses to the track. Others were reported as arriving by a small steamer known as the "shuttlecock boat". A major achievement for the Queensland Turf Club was the opening of the Brisbane and South East Railway Line extension from Eagle Junction to Ascot on 3 September 1882. Unlike Melbourne and Sydney, Brisbane was too small to have railways built just to serve its suburbs; however, some of its lines, such as the seaside lines to Sandgate and the branch to Eagle Farm Racecourse, were built solely to benefit Brisbane residents.</p><br>
<p>While horseracing was controlled and patronised by the elite, large numbers of people from all strata regularly attended race meetings. The spatial organisation of the Eagle Farm Racecourse reflected class hierarchies. All non-members paid to enter the racecourse and once inside, patrons, if they wished to pay more, were separated according to the additional price for certain areas. Entrance to the St Leger Stand cost less than the entrance to the Paddock Stand and saddling area, while members were located in their own stand. The area where the totalisator (introduced 1879) was located was one space that was less defined where punters of all classes placed bets. Working-class people tended to gather in the "outer", an area in the middle of the racetrack. This space was especially popular during major race programmes, with all manner of entertainment including boxing tents, sideshows and drinking booths, competing with the bookies stands in operation.</p><br>
<p>A riot at the Spring Meeting on 12 November 1887 highlighted these divisions. During the Sandgate Handicap, clear favourite (and heavily backed Touchstone) was beaten by Honest Ned, due to a controversial start. The QTC decision to judge the race legitimate led to an outraged crowd from the outer occupying or surrounding a range of spaces including the grandstand, stewards&#39; room, saddling paddock, judges stand and QTC committee enclosure. While minor fighting occurred and nine rioters had charges brought against them, the transgression of these elite spaces occurred in a fairly peaceful manner.</p><br>
<p>This incident resulted from a series of false starts before the disputed final race start. At this time horses raced at the drop of a flag. By the turn of the century a rope barrier was introduced. Barrier stalls were used shortly afterwards, however, it was not until 1959 that mobile gates were introduced.</p><br>
<p>On 21 September 1889 tenders were called by Hunter and Corrie and JH Buckeridge, as joint architects, for the construction of a grandstand, as well as stables and sheds. The grandstand, constructed in the Paddock area, became known as the Paddock Stand after it opened in 1890.</p><br>
<p>The depression in 1893 severely affected racing. Attendances dropped considerably and the prize monies offered fell from 3,455 sovereigns in 1890 to 1,615 sovereigns in 1894 for the Queen&#39;s Birthday meeting. All the main clubs found themselves in financial difficulties. Consequently, a decision to extend the track from 8 furlongs (one and a half kilometres) to 10 furlongs (two kilometres), was reversed, and the extension was not made until 1901.</p><br>
<p>The railway enabled access by a larger racing public, although the competition of cheap weekend rail returns to Sandgate (then Brisbanes most popular beach) lessened the anticipated numbers. By 1885, a fork siding for turning around the rail engines had been laid adjacent to the grounds, in what is now the members car park at the corner of Lancaster and Kitchener roads. In 1897 the name of the railway station was changed from Racecourse to Ascot (after the famous Ascot Racecourse in England), and in the same year the line was extended to Pinkenba. The timber station was built in 1898. The advent of the electric tram along Racecourse Road from 1899 also provided an alternative means of transport for patrons.</p><br>
<p>The early twentieth century brought with it further improvements to the grounds and facilities. Over a period of 29 years, from the late 1880s, conferences between the major racing clubs of Australia were held to reach agreement on uniform rules of racing. On 14 October 1912, Queensland agreed to and accepted the final draft of the Australian Rules of Racing. From that time, the Club progressed. In January 1913, GHM Addison, architect, placed a tender notice for the construction of a totalisator building (also known as the Tote Building). Also in January 1913, Hall and Dods, architects, placed a tender notice for the construction of a new St Leger Stand at Ascot Racecourse. Tenders for the construction of entrance gates to the Eagle Farm Racecourse were called on 11 January 1913. Designed by architects Chambers and Powell, the gates were constructed by A Gillespie at a cost of £1120. Later, on 6 February 1914, Addison called for tenders for the construction of latrines at the racecourse, which were constructed by Manuel Hornibrook at a cost of £1335. GHM Addison was also the architect for the ticket boxes at Eagle Farm Racecourse. Tenders were called on 10 April 1914 and accepted on 17 April 1914. The successful tenderer was James Malskrey and the cost of the ticket boxes was £915. On 17 March 1916, W Lindsay&#39;s tender of £151.5s was accepted for the construction of a bandstand at Eagle Farm Racecourse; the architects were Atkinson and McLay.</p><br>
<p>Railway facilities at the Eagle Farm Racecourse were also improved at this period. A railway overbridge adjacent to the Ascot Railway station was completed in October 1911, and in 1912 a new siding was constructed at the Hendra end of the platform, to store trains on race days. At this time the 1880s fork siding was removed. Following lobbying from the Hamilton Town Council, a second railway station was constructed on the western side of the line in 1913-14, opening on 20 February 1914. This was a pre-cast concrete building with a terracotta tile roof, and is now the earliest surviving pre-cast concrete railway station still in operation. Earlier (now demolished) examples were Northgate (1911–12) and Chelmer (1913), while Kuranda (after September 1914) is the next oldest surviving.</p><br>
<p>Congestion on race days at the racecourse station resulted in several further changes in the first decades of the twentieth century. The QTC had found that the level crossing gates, inserted when the rail line was extended to Pinkenba, obstructed access to the course. In 1914 the Club agreed to pay the cost of building a subway underneath the railway embankment. Wartime delays hindered its completion until April 1916. In 1920, plans were devised to duplicate the railway line to cater for the ever-increasing number of patrons, but this did not come to fruition.</p><br>
<p>In 1924-25 a new Members&#39; Stand was constructed, designed by Hall and Prentice, the architects responsible for the design of Brisbane City Hall. Later additions by Hall and Prentice included alterations to the main and "flat" totalisators as well as a new lavatory block in April 1923. In June 1938, tenders for extensions to the St Leger Stand were closed. The architects were Hall and Cook.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the Club&#39;s regular race meetings continued until December 1941 when Australia faced the threat of invasion by Japan. Military authorities took over the racecourse on 19 December 1941. Until 1946, Eagle Farm Racecourse was known as Camp Ascot, occupied by thousands of Americans. The first contingents of American servicemen from the Pensacola Convoy marched from Bretts Wharves down Racecourse Road and through what has since been termed "The Gateway to Victory" in December 1941. In the early 1940s, eight "igloo" stores were erected at Eagle Farm Racecourse for the Australian and United States Armies. Throughout World War II, the QTC conducted races at Albion Park, the Victory Cup Meeting in May 1946 marking the return of racing to the Eagle Farm Racecourse.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s the totalisator building which straddled the Paddock/St Leger boundary was extended and the John Power Stand, designed by architect Martin Conrad, was built in 1958 by KD Morris & Sons, Pty Ltd, at a cost of £450,000. It was named after Dr John Power, the President of the QTC from 1947 to 1965. Conrad designed a number of other buildings at the racecourse in following years, including the Judge&#39;s Box (1963), and a ladies toilet (1966).</p><br>
<p>The Club celebrated its centenary with a carnival on 8–15 June 1963. By then Eagle Farm Racecourse was one of the premier racecourses in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Racecourse developments since 1963 have taken several forms. In 1969 a new kikuyu grass training track, aluminium running rails, horses swimming pool, state-of-the-art testing facilities for the Laboratory, covered betting ring and opening of the famous Guineas Room - a restaurant situated on the second level of the Members Stand (John Power Stand) - were added. In 1990 there was major track extension between the 1600 metres and the 1200 metres and the QTC acquired several properties bordering the 1600 metres up to the 1400 metres starts. The new 1600 metres start was used for the first time in February 1991. Restoration of the old Totalisater building in 2006 and relocation of the Racing Museum there took place some time afterwards. Prolonged drought led to the existing dam being expanded, a new dam excavated and a fence and underground water tanks installed in 2008. There was upgrading of Eagle Farm in 2005 with work undertaken to the St Leger Stand and lawns and setting up of the Champagne Bar facing the mounting yard as a temporary measure until permission was granted for the permanent addition in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The QTC, recognizing the "important heritage value for Eagle Farm" and its "range of challenges as the ageing facilities require maintenance", commissioned Riddel Architecture to prepare a Conservation Management Plan for Eagle Farm racecourse. This was finalised in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Changes to the management of the Eagle Farm Racecourse have also taken place. At the QTC&#39;s AGM on 9 September 1997, the membership unanimously voted for incorporation to allow the Club to have freehold title of Eagle Farm racecourse in its own name as of 31 March 1998. Circa 2002 there was an in-principle agreement by the QTC Board to a joint venture to merge the QTC and the Brisbane Turf Club to form one entity. Merger of the QTC and Brisbane Turf Club (which managed Doomben Racecourse) to form the Brisbane Racing Club subsequently took place on 8 August 2008. This was regarded as a prudent business decision to ensure "a vibrant future for Eagle Farm and Doomben racecourses." On 1 July 2009 the new Brisbane Racing Club became operational.</p><br>
<p>One of the first objectives of the Board was the creation of the Master Plan to develop Eagle Farm and Doomben Racecourses to give Brisbane the finest racing facilities in Australia. A Master Plan was announced in April 2009 which proposed "world class racing facilities in a precinct which have a variety of lifestyle, residential, retail and commercial developments". Track and facility enhancements were to include "infield stabling for 400 horses and a dedicated veterinary clinic at Eagle Farm." It also promised `extensive landscaping of the whole area... and 16.5 ha of open leisure space and parklands have been set aside for use by the community.&#39; A further Conservation Management Plan has been prepared by Brannock & Associates in 2011 to inform development plans.</p><br>
<p>A published history of the QTC stated that "the development of the Brisbane Racing Precinct will give due respect to the historical significance of the area... maintaining, enhancing and showcasing the magnificent heritage of Eagle Farm".</p><br>
<p>The same publication recognized that the QTC has a "special position in Queensland history... and played a pivotal role in the early days of settlement". The book was commissioned "because it is imperative Queenslanders had a record of the role the Club played in the history of the state and the racing industry".</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the mounting yard and the race day tie-up stalls, previously located at the western end of the John Power (Members) Stand, were moved behind the public grandstand, where they had been positioned until 1946. Today, Eagle Farm Racecourse remains one of the premier racecourses in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Ascot railway station is the last station in metropolitan Brisbane to retain semaphore signalling and a mechanically interlocked signal cabin, and is one of only seven such systems intact in Queensland. In 2008 the seven mechanically interlocked signal cabins still commissioned were Ascot (not used), Charters Towers, Ingham, Innisfail, Kuranda, Laidley (rarely used) and Mackay. There are about 19 surviving decommissioned interlocked signal cabins complete with their frames in Queensland (six have been relocated), along with 36 signal cabins minus their signal frames, and 10 known signal frames in various states of intactness. Approximately 100 mechanically interlocked signal cabins have been demolished at stations around Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Eagle Farm Racecourse occupies a large flat site in Ascot bounded by Lancaster and Nudgee roads to the south and east, the house lots along Mein and Gordon streets in the north and Kitchener Road in the west. The railway line passes along the southern and western boundaries with Ascot railway station located at the south-western corner of the site.</p><br>
<h3>Ascot railway station</h3><br>
<p>The station comprises two buildings, one on each side of the rail line. The 1880s station building, on the north-east side of the line, is a timber-framed and clad structure with sections of exposed framing, while the 1914 building, on the south-west side of the track, is of precast concrete with decorative timber lattice elements. Both buildings have terracotta tiled gable roofs with large overhangs. A timber pedestrian overbridge is located just south of the station buildings, connecting the course to McGill Avenue. There is another timber overbridge at the Hendra end of the site, where a laneway leads from Gordon Street to it, giving access to Kitchener Road.</p><br>
<h3>Ticket offices and entrance gates</h3><br>
<p>The public face of the racecourse is provided by the Federation style ticket offices and decorative wrought iron gates in Lancaster Road, terminating the view down Racecourse Road (1913). These structures consist of brick walls with an upper section (above sill height) of rendered bands above a face brick base and gabled terracotta tiled roofs with large eaves supported on corbels and central ridge ventilators. Either side of the ticket buildings are timber gates and beyond these are low level stone retaining walls extending approximately 70 metres. The members&#39; car park is located at the corner of Lancaster and Kitchener roads on a parcel of open grassed land which includes a number of mature trees.</p><br>
<p>Behind the Lancaster Road entry gates a subway leads under the railway line to ticket offices and turnstiles similarly constructed of brick with terracotta tiled roofs. A bitumen access road lined with well maintained gardens leads away from the main entry to the eastern end of the course.</p><br>
<h3>Public racecourse area</h3><br>
<p>The public racecourse area occupies the south-west corner of the site inside the rail line and comprises a series of grandstands and associated structures located to the south of the main straight. Whilst all structures exhibit differing levels of alterations and additions they are all reasonably intact. The race track itself occupies the majority of the remaining land to the north of this development, with stabling facilities to the west of the stands, and maintenance and management areas to the east. Further stabling and training facilities occupy the south-easternmost corner of the site on 5/RP33741.</p><br>
<h3>St Leger spectator's stand</h3><br>
<p>The most eastern spectator&#39;s stand is the St Leger (1913 with extensions in 1938). It comprises a face brick, towered component on the south and extensive tiered seating facing the track, with a gable roof supported on a composite cast iron and timber frame and clad in metal sheeting and ornate cast iron handrails. The stand sits on a brick base that houses toilets, refreshment rooms, and other facilities. An earlier ticket office is located to the south of the stand.</p><br>
<p>Constructed of brick with a terracotta tile roof, this structure still retains its original timber counter joinery. The southern informal forecourt contained between the ticket office and the stand is shaded by the canopies of a number of mature trees.</p><br>
<h3>Totalisator Building and the Paddock Stand</h3><br>
<p>To the west of the St Leger Stand are the Totalisator (or Tote) Building and the Paddock Stand. The Tote Building (1913, extended 1917) has a long, narrow plan running north to south between the stands, with an L-shaped extension on the southern end (1928). An additional part-storey, built for the Hodsdon&#39;s tote system in the 1950s, now houses the Julius Totalisator apparatus it replaced. The Paddock Stand is similar in construction to the St Leger Stand; however, it is characterised by a large galvanised iron vaulted roof with a gabled ridge ventilator that extends its entire length. It comprises ornate cast iron posts and handrails as well as decorative timber battening to the eastern end of the vaulted roof. The base of the stand accommodates a range of public and private spaces. This stand was extended to the west in the 1920s and the fabric and form of the addition are clearly discernible from the original structure.</p><br>
<h3>Members' Stand and John Power Stand</h3><br>
<p>Further to the west again is the 1925 three-storey rendered brick Members Stand, attached to which is the Camera Tower. Nearby is the Judges Box (1963). A range of original timber fittings and fixtures remains throughout this building. Adjoining the stand and connected by an upper level walkway is the 1950s John Power Stand. Both of these stands overlook the parade ring and saddling area. The John Power Stand is constructed primarily of reinforced concrete and its form and detail are typical of architecture of the period. Unlike the other stands the roof of the John Power Stand is also an open, cantilevered viewing area with tiered seating. The base of this building accommodates ticketing booths, a bar and refreshments area, public seating and open space for bookmakers.</p><br>
<h3>Other structures</h3><br>
<p>Located to the south of the Paddock, Members&#39; and John Power Stands are a collection of single-storey buildings including ticketing booths, public toilets, refreshment stands, the former race-day stalls/stables and other facilities. They include brick structures with terracotta tile roofs to the south-west boundary of the public concourse as well as a collection of timber-framed and weatherboard-clad structures with galvanised iron roofs, sited between the brick structures and the stands. The ground surface surrounding these structures varies from bitumen, concrete, paving and lawn, and includes well maintained gardens where mature trees create a shade canopy to this entire area.</p><br>
<p>Located at the far western end of the site is a collection of five timber race day stalls and stables. Entry to this part of the site is via a secondary access from Gordon Street marked by two white rendered masonry pillars. Apart from this point of access there are a number of secondary entrances into the site from the roads bounding the course. The stable buildings are simple partially open timber structures with gable roofs. The external walls are generally clad with weatherboards on the ends, while the rear long walls are partially in-filled with battens. The stalls are formed with half-height timber-framed walls with timber boarding infill. The roofs are clad with corrugated asbestos cement sheeting. A number of brick, fibrous cement and corrugated iron-clad additions have been made throughout this complex. A concrete apron slab surrounds these structures.</p><br>
<p>The development to the east of the course beyond the St Leger Stand and between the track and the railway line includes a brick structure which houses the managers office (was turnstile building), an early timber residence (previously the caretaker&#39;s residence, damaged by fire in 2010 and demolished), a green house, car parking area and collection of timber-framed and clad maintenance buildings. The gardens that surrounded the residence are well maintained and terminate the gardens which bound the access road leading to this part of the site. Located in the south-east corner of the site is large stabling and exercise complex (stalls known as scraping stalls).</p><br>
<p>The grounds of the racecourse create a parkland setting and include well maintained gardens, specimen trees, avenues of trees, arched creeper trellises, flower beds (including seasonal bedding out schemes) and expanses of lawn.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Eagle Farm Racecourse and Ascot railway station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 June 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Farm Racecourse and Ascot railway station (1863 and 1914 respectively) complex is important in demonstrating the development of horse racing since the 1860s into a major sport and industry in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The provision of a suburban branch railway line and station to serve the racecourse from 1882 demonstrates the importance of racing from very early in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Farm Racecourse is one of Queensland&#39;s earliest racing venues. Its evolution and development into the premier racing venue in Queensland is evidence of its importance to the state.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Ascot railway station has rarity value as the last station in metropolitan Brisbane to retain semaphore signaling and a mechanically interlocked cabin, and is one of very few such systems left in Queensland, a form of signaling that was once common. Additionally, it is the earliest surviving pre-cast concrete railway station still in operation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important as a good example of a large operating racecourse in a capital city, the principal elements of which include: track, stalls, scrapping yard, blacksmith, starting gates, fencing, grandstands and associated buildings and structures, various structures associated with the calling and televising of races, and sheds and garages for grounds equipment.</p><br>
<p>The prestige of the Eagle Farm Racecourse as the premier racecourse of Queensland attracted a variety of architects to design for the Queensland Turf Club (QTC, Brisbane Racing Club since 2009), and the place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the work of a number of prominent Queensland architects from different decades, including JH Buckeridge, Hunter and Corrie, Hall and Dods, GHM Addison, Chambers and Powell, Atkinson and McLay, Hall and Prentice, Hall and Cook, and Martin Conrad. The buildings designed and extended by the various architects include the well composed Paddock Stand which is characterised by a large galvanised iron vaulted roof with a gabled ridge ventilator. The stand comprises ornate cast iron posts and handrails as well as decorative timber battening. The St Leger Stand, is also a characteristic cast iron and timber building with a galvanised iron gable roof and ornate cast iron handrails.</p><br>
<p>The collection of early 20th century structures and buildings including gates, ticket offices, St Leger Stand, railway station and other buildings and structures demonstrate the principal characteristics of Federation-style design: use of terracotta, decorative brick and timber work. It is a remarkably intact grouping of such buildings and structures in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The 1898 timber railway station building is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type, while the 1914 station building is an intact example of a pre-cast concrete structure which includes decorative timber lattice elements.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Farm Racecourse and Ascot railway station complex is significant for its aesthetic values, including the spatial arrangement of buildings and structures around the track, the Victorian cast iron, brick and timber grandstands, Federation-style ticket offices, decorative wrought iron entrance gates, landscaped grounds, and the railway station buildings. The main entrance gates on Lancaster Road are a notable local landmark which contribute to the streetscapes of both this and Racecourse Road and are the highly visible public face of the Eagle Farm Racecourse.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Farm Racecourse is especially important for its strong social significance, including its association, over 130 years, with QTC members, officials, owners, trainers, jockeys and with generations of race-goers from all strata of Queensland, interstate and international society, who have attended the Eagle Farm races for social interaction, recreation and the enjoyment of this sport, so popular in Queensland. This association is reflected in the many changes that have occurred to the site, changes which demonstrate the continued relationship between the racecourse, the grandstands, (including later extensions and additions), and related structures, such as the totalisator building, the stabling areas and associated gardens and access ways and the entrance gates and ticketing offices, throughout the extensive grounds. These changes, including the inclusion of a special railway branch for race-goers and associated railway station, have contributed to making this racecourse a popular Queensland institution.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Farm Racecourse and Ascot railway station has a special association with the QTC (Brisbane Racing Club from 1 July 2009). This organization has made an important contribution to the development of horse racing in Queensland, a major interest and industry since 1863. From early in the clubs history it undertook a leadership role in the industry and in operating the Eagle Farm Racecourse as Queenslands premier racecourse.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Brisbane Courier. The Courier-Mail, 1863-1954</p><br>
<p>Brannock & Associates, Eagle Farm Racecourse Conservation Management Plan. Brisbane: Prepared for Watpac BRC Pty Ltd, January 2014, Building 14. The building was added to in 1982 and 1984.</p><br>
<p>Coughlan, Helen. Queensland Turf Club: A Place in History, Boolarong: Brisbane, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Doran, Bob. `The First Automatic Totaliser&#39;, The Rutherford Journal,@www.rutherfordjournal.org/article020109.html. accessed 30 May 2012.</p><br>
<p>Jamison, Brian, `Racecourse Riot, 1887&#39; in Raymond Evans, Carole Ferrier and Jeff Rickertt, eds, Radical Brisbane: an unruly history, The Vulgar Press, North Carlton, Vic, 2004.</p><br>
<p>QHR 602627 Signals, Crane and Subway, Charters Towers Railway Station,</p><br>
<p>QHR 600755 Cairns Railway, Section from Redlynch to Crooked Creek Bridge.</p><br>
<p>Riddel Architecture, Eagle Farm Racecourse Conservation Management Plan. Brisbane Riddel Architecture, 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Age, 10 Aug 1939.</p><br>
<p>The Courier Mail "2012 Brisbane Racing Club Carnival" supplement</p><br>
<p>"Totalisator history", 30 May 2012.</p><br>
<p>Ward, Andrew and Peter Milner, Queensland Railway Heritage Places, Study: Stage 2, vol. 4, Dept Environment and Queensland Rail, Brisbane,1997.</p><br>
<p>Rathumney Castle is a hall house and National Monument located in County Wexford, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Rathumney Castle is located in southern County Wexford, 4.6 km east of Campile.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rathumney "Castle" is more correctly a hall house, and is believed to have been built by the Prendergasts (descendents of Maurice de Prendergast) in the early 13th century. It served as a Cistercian grange house for nearby Tintern Abbey. The Barry family leased the grange in the 14th–15th centuries; this was common at the time, as the Cistercians had fewer lay brothers and the granges were free of tithes.</p><br>
<p>After the Cromwellian confiscation Rathumney became untenanted. Later owners were the Alcock, Colclough, Prendergast families and the current owners of the land are Foleys. They claim that King James II stayed at Rathumney on 2 July 1690 on his way to Duncannon, whence he departed to France, never to return.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The centre of the building was a two-storey hall, with fireplaces, tall windows and doorways. The ground floor had kitchens, servants&#39; quarters and storerooms, while the upper floor was for the noble family. The house was built of granite, shale and conglomerate. All the interior walls and worked stone have been removed. The overall floor area is measured 146.1 m&sup2;. at The house is surrounded by a bawn and a tower in the southeast corner had stairs and a garderobe.</p><br>
<p>Shrum Mound is a Native American burial mound in the central Ohio city of Columbus. The mound was created around 2,000 years ago by the Pre-Columbian Native American Adena culture.</p><br>
<p>Shrum Mound is named after the family whose farm once included the land on which the mound is located. Ohio History Connection is the current owner of the mound after receiving the property as a donation from the late Ohio governor James E. Campbell. Shrum Mound is located within Campbell Park, which is named after James E. Campbell.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Ohio History Connection removed the 18 or so trees located on top of the mound, citing preservation as the reason. One concern was the possibility of a strong storm knocking down a tree and causing damage to the mound.</p><br>
<p>Sanganji shell mound is a Late to Final Jomon shell mound in Shinchi, Fukushima, Tōhoku region, Japan. The shell mound was excavated in 1952 by the Special Committee for Jomon Chronology of the Japanese</p><br>
<p>Archaeological Association and in 1954 by the University of Tokyo Department of Anthropology. The remains of over 40 individuals were excavated from the site. The remains are now housed in The University Museum at the University of Tokyo.</p><br>
<h2>mtDNA evidence</h2><br>
<p>Researchers extracted the DNA from the teeth, dating to around 3000 BP, of four of the human remains excavated from the Sanganji shell mound. Two of the individuals belong to Haplogroup N9b, while the other two belong to Haplogroup M7a2. In comparison to ancient Jomon populations, Haplogroup N9b is found most frequently in Jomon populations from Hokkaido and the Tohoku region but rare elsewhere in Japan. In comparison to modern populations, Haplogroup N9b is found most frequently among the Udege people, while the haplogroup can also be found in modern Japanese people, albeit at low frequencies. Likewise, Haplogroup M7a2 is found most frequently among the Udege people, while the haplogroup is extremely rare in modern Japan.</p><br>
<h2>aDNA evidence</h2><br>
<p>Researchers performed the first aDNA tests on ancient Jomon samples using three of the Sanganji Jomon individuals tested above. When compared against modern populations, the Sanganji Jomon individuals group most closely with modern East Asians, but are genetically distinct and descended from a population that diverged from other East Asians a long time ago. In comparison to modern populations, the Sanganji Jomon individuals are closest to modern Japanese, showing strongest genetic affinity for the Ainu people, followed by the Ryukyuan people. From this study, researchers estimate that the modern Japanese population inherited less than 20% of their DNA from the ancient Jomon populations.</p><br>
<p>Eirene residence  is an ancient peristyle house with lavish mosaic floors in Plovdiv built in the middle of the 3rd century AD. The excavated area of the residential complex is 668 square meters, of which 160 square meters are colorful mosaics. The remains of the residence are located in the archeological underpass of Tsar Boris III Boulevard and is part of the exhibitions in the TrakArt cultural complex.</p><br>
<h2>The Residence and the mosaics</h2><br>
<p>The peristyle house Eirene was probably built in the middle of the 3rd century AD after the destruction brought to Philippopolis by the invasion of the Goths in 251 AD. The building occupies a whole insula (a city block surrounded by four streets) and was built over the ruins of several older houses which were destroyed during the Goth invasion. The rooms of the owners were built in the Eastern part of the residence. They surrounded the peristyle (an open courtyard within the house surrounded by columns) while the service rooms were located in the Southern part of the complex. A separate part of the building which had a direct access to the street nearby accommodated the servants.</p><br>
<p>The residence was severely damaged after the invasion of Attila&#39;s Huns in 441-442, but later it was repaired and expanded. Between the 4th and the 5th century, the floors were decorated with colorful and lavish mosaics of geometrical figures, endless knot symbols, flowers and welcoming inscriptions to visitors. The most beautiful mosaic was placed in the center of the main residential room - a masterfully crafted portrait of the Greek goddess of peace Eirene with an inscription EIRHNH. The craftsmen of Philippopolis who laid the mosaic image used the technique opus vermiculatum. In later construction period, an apse was built next to the main entrance space of the representative area.</p><br>
<p>The residence was abandoned at the end of the 6th century similarly to other important buildings in the area like the Bishop&#39;s basilica of Philippopolis.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation and restoration</h2><br>
<p>Eirene residence and the ancient street next to it were discovered in 1983-84 during the construction of the underpass of Tsar Boris III Boulevard in Plovdiv. Shortly afterward, the building was listed as a cultural value of national significance. The remains of the house and the mosaic floors were restored and opened to public in 2003 as a part of TrakArt cultural complex.</p><br>
<p>Rathmacknee Castle is a tower house and National Monument located in County Wexford, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Rathmacknee Castle is located in southeast County Wexford, 6.3 km west of Rosslare.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rathmacknee Castle is believed to have been built by John Rosseter (Rossiter, Rositer, Rosceter) who was made seneschal of the Liberty of Wexford c. 1415. Other accounts associate its construction with his grandson Thomas Rossiter, seneschal in 1493. The Rossiters remained Catholic after the Reformation but stayed loyal to the monarchy and continued to hold their lands. Col. Thomas Rosseter fought against Oliver Cromwell at Wexford in the Irish Confederate Wars and the castle and lands were confiscated in 1654. The castle remained occupied until the 1760s. In the 19th century it was restored by its owner, Hamilton Knox Grogan Morgan.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Rathmacknee is a tower house or caiseal, located in the southeast corner of a five-sided bawn, with a bartizan in the bawn wall.</p><br>
<p>The tower is five storeys high and the parapet has Irish crenellations.</p><br>
<p>The tower&#39;s entrance has a drawbar-slot, a murder-hole and stairs. The upper rooms contain fireplaces, vaulted ceilings and garderobes.</p><br>
<p>The tower was located near a ford and a holy well dedicated to St Martin. A church and graveyard stood to the south and protective earthworks to the north.</p><br>
<p>Harrison Bay is an estuary located north of Alaska that opens into the Beaufort Sea. It is adjacent to the Colville Delta. The powerful outflow of the Colville River creates a shallow region that is rich with nutrients, making it ecologically significant for wildlife.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Harrison Bay is bordered by Cape Halkett near Teshekpuk Lake on the western side and Oliktok Point on the eastern side. From Oliktok Point, a long chain of barrier islands head east and cross through Prudhoe Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The waters of Harrison Bay make an ideal refuge for long-tailed ducks, king eiders, red-throated loons, Arctic terns, surf scoters, brant geese, and glaucous gulls.Smith, M., N. J. Walker, I. J. Stenhouse, C. M. Free, M. Kirchhoff, O. Romanenko, S. Senner, N. Warnock,</p><br>
<p>and V. Mendenhall, 16th Alaska Bird Conference, Juneau, AK, 2014. Retrieved 15-09-2016. In summer and fall, migrating red-throated and yellow-billed loons and king and spectacled eiders stop in to rest and feed. Nearshore forage fish are important in Arctic food webs, linking energy from smaller prey items to larger predators like birds and marine mammals. Harrison Bay is important habitat for forage fish, such as Arctic cod and capelin.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the many birds, wintering polar bears hunt and feed on ice seals in the shore-fast ice, along open leads, or at openings in pack ice. Pregnant polar bears frequently build winter dens in and around the area.</p><br>
<h2>Energy</h2><br>
<p>In 2015, ConocoPhillips began drilling for oil in the Colville Delta. According to Alaska Dispatch News, residents of the nearby village of Nuiqsut are concerned that the proposed drilling infrastructure will hurt subsistence hunting and fishing in the Colville Delta and thus Harrison Bay</p><br>
<p>The Thetford Hill Historic District encompasses the well-preserved 19th-century village center of Thetford Hill in Thetford, Vermont. Developed between 1792 and about 1860 and located at what is now the junction of Vermont Route 113 and Academy Road, it includes mainly residential buildings, as well as several buildings of Thetford Academy and the 1785-88 Thetford Meetinghouse, one of the state&#39;s oldest churches in continuous use. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The village of Thetford Hill, set at the junction of Vermont 113 and Academy Road, has its beginning in the construction (between 1785 and 1788) of the town meetinghouse, which was originally located on the town common just to the south. It was moved off the common in 1830 (as part of the separation of church and state) and given its present Greek Revival temple front. Growth of the village was initially limited, but was stimulated by the founding in 1819 of Thetford Academy, the states oldest secondary school. The schools present buildings are built in a Colonial Revival style, and date from after 1942, the year a fire destroyed its 19th-century buildings. The village saw virtually no growth from 1860 until the mid-20th century, from which point additions to its architectural inventory have been sympathetic to its 19th-century heritage.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends east along Vermont 113 and south along Academy Road from their junction, and extends a short way west on Route 113 and north on Houghton Hill Road, which runs north from the junction. The town green is at the southwest corner, and the church, the villages focal point, is across Route 113 to the north. The Thetford Academy campus is at the southern end of the district, abutting Thetford Hill State Park. while the districts eastern boundary is at Garey Road. Most of the buildings are residential in character, one to 2-1/2 stories in height, and of wood frame construction, although there are some brick buildings. The Greek Revival and Federal styles are those most commonly seen.</p><br>
<p>The Willard Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge carrying Mill Street across the Ottauquechee River in Hartland, Vermont. It is the eastern of two covered bridges on the road, which are connected via a small island in the river; the western bridge was built in 2001. This bridge, built about 1870, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Willard Covered Bridge is located in the village of North Hartland, where Mill Street runs roughly eastward, crossing the Ottauquechee River to provide access to a few homes and businesses. The road crosses the river at a point south of Interstate 91 (I-91) where it is briefly bisected by a small island. The western of the bridges carrying the road is a modern covered bridge, while the Willard Bridge is to the east. It is a single-span Town lattice truss 123 ft in length, resting on stone abutments faced in concrete. It is 21 ft wide, with a roadway width of 16.5 ft (one lane). The gable ends project beyond the trusses, and the roof is a standing seam metal roof. The bridge sides and portals are sheathed in vertical board siding; there are two square openings cut into each side.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built about 1870; it is one of two surviving 19th-century covered bridges in Hartland. (The other is the Martin&#39;s Mill Covered Bridge, also listed on the National Register.)</p><br>
<p>The Paris and Anna Fletcher House is a historic house on Vermont Route 22A in Bridport, Vermont. Built about 1813 and enlarged in the 1820s, it is a fine local example of late Federal architecture, with a distinctive shallow Doric portico. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999, and now houses the local historical society.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Fletcher House stands near the center of Bridport village, on the east side of Vermont 22A just north of its junction with Middle Road. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gabled roof, clapboarded exterior, and stone foundation. The front facade has a fully pedimented gable with flushboarded center and decorated border. A shallow four-column Doric portico (projecting just 1 in from the facade) supports the gable. The facade has three bays, which do not quite align within the bays created by portico columns. The main entrance is in the rightmost bay, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a Federal style fanlight. A two-story ell and single-story shed project to the rear. The interior of the house is decorated with modest Federal period elements.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house, its rear ell, was built c. 1813-15 by Paris Fletcher, around the time of his marriage to Anna Miner. Fletcher was an entrepreneur of the period, engaging in a number of business pursuits, and operated a general store near the house between 1826 and 1875. The buildings exterior and interior architectural details resemble elements published in Asher Benjamins Country Builder&#39;s Assistant. By the 20th century, the house had been sold out of the Fletcher family, and it was given to the Bridport Historical Society in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Windsor House is a historic former hotel building at 54 Main Street in Windsor, Vermont. Built in 1836, it was for many years a mainstay of the village&#39;s travel industry, whose famous guests include Theodore Roosevelt. Now converted to other commercial purposes, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Windsor House stands near the center of Windsor village, on the west side of Main Street north of its junction with State Street. It is a 3-1/2 story brick building, with a gabled roof, and a projecting two-story flat-roofed portico supported by six fluted Doric columns. The front facade is six bays wide, with a four-bay row of windows in the gable, topped by a Federal style fan.</p><br>
<p>Windsor House was built on the site of an older hostelry, which had itself achieved a measure of renown as a place visited by the Marquis de Lafayette in 1825. The present structure was built in 1836, during a high point in the town&#39;s economic prosperity, and served for many years as a prominent hotel, hosting Jenny Lind and other notables. Closed in the early 1970s, it has since been repurposed into a commercial retail space.</p><br>
<p>Runcorn War Memorial was built to commemorate the servicemen of Runcorn lost in active service in the First World War. It was unveiled in 1920, and the names of those lost in the Second World War and subsequently were added later. The memorial stands in a small garden by a road junction in Runcorn, Cheshire, England, and consists of a Latin cross in white granite on a plinth and steps. Behind the cross is a wall containing plaques with inscriptions and the names of those who died. An inscribed stone has been added later with the names of those lost in subsequent conflicts. The war memorial is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Location and history</h2><br>
<p>The war memorial stands in a small garden at the junction of Greenway Road, Weston Road and Moughland Lane in Higher Runcorn. It was designed by James Wilding, and was unveiled on 14 November 1920 by Colonel William Bromley Davenport, the Lord-Lieutenant of the County of Chester, and by R. H. Posnett, Chairman of Runcorn Urban District Council. It was re-dedicated on 7 November 1948 when the names of those lost in the Second World War were recorded. Later a further inscribed stone was added with the names of those lost in subsequent conflicts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The memorial is built in white granite from Kit Hill Quarry, Callington, Cornwall, and consists of a Latin cross, the shaft of which is about 3.5 m high. The shaft stands on an octagonal plinth on a base of three octagonal steps. At the base of the shaft are scrolled brackets. The memorial is set in a small garden, on a paved platform, and is approached from the road by a set of steps. The face of the plinth facing the road is inscribed "FOR OUR SAKE", the face to the left is inscribed "1914" and that to the right "1918". The top step is inscribed "1939–1945".</p><br>
<p>Behind the cross is a sandstone wall divided into five sections by six piers, each section containing a marble plaque. Each plaque carries an inscription and names of the 361 local servicemen who died in the First World War. On the piers are plaques containing the names of the 119 servicemen who died in the Second World War. The granite stone in front of the cross is inscribed with the names of those lost in later conflicts.</p><br>
<h2>Appraisal</h2><br>
<p>The memorial was designated as a Grade II listed building on 15 September 2016. Grade II is the lowest of the three grades of listing, and is applied to "buildings are of special interest". The reasons for designating this building are its historic interest "as an eloquent witness to the tragic impact of world events on the local community, and the sacrifice it has made in the conflicts of the 20th and 21st centuries&quot and its architectural interest as being "a tall and imposing memorial cross standing on a wide platform designed for ceremonial use defined by a memorial wall to the rear".</p><br>
<p>Coolhull Castle is a fortified house and National Monument located in County Wexford, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Coolhull Castle is located in south County Wexford near Bannow Bay, 4.6 km southeast of Wellingtonbridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are no historical references to Coolhull Castle although it is known that a John Devereux owned land at Coolhull in 1640.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Coolhull Castle has a four-storey service tower and three-storey rectangular block (hall house) attached with a hall at first-floor level. Both sections have Irish crenellations. There is a bartizan in the northeast. The tower doorway is protected by a murder-hole. Other features include fireplaces, garderobe and slop stone.</p><br>
<p>Nuraghe Mannu is a nuragic archaeological site located about 180 m above sea level overlooking the village of Cala Gonone. It is located on the east coast of Sardinia, in the middle of the gulf of Orosei, province of Nuoro and the municipality of Dorgali. The Nuraghe is partially visible from below and from the coast, from the top it gives a clear view over the surrounding area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Currently the area surrounding the site is the subject of research and archaeological excavations. The first explorer of the area was Antonio Taramelli who in 1927 denounced the damage that the local people did, caused by them using the stones of the monument for the construction of their homes and streets. The scholar discovered the northernmost and the southernmost building dating back to the Roman Period.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Nuraghe is a single small tower, is 4.70 meters tall at the highest point and is built with large polyhedral stones of basaltic and trachyte rock. The main facade overlooks the stretch of mountainous coast above the beach of Cala Fuili. The structure of the tower is very modest compared to the great extension of the Nuragic village that lies at its feet. The village consists of various circular huts made of unpolished stones and of rectangular buildings constructed with stones placed on top of each other without any kind of adhesive.</p><br>
<h2>Function</h2><br>
<p>The function of this large and imposing structure is assumed to be a watch tower because the Nuraghe is located next to another larger archaeological site "On Nuragheddu" which apparently had the function of defending the population from attack.</p><br>
<h2>Finds</h2><br>
<p>Brick fragments and Roman pottery were found around the Nuraghe. The youth employment group that works in the territory of Dorgali / Cala Gonone has unearthed fragments of vases and cups dating back to the Nuragic; while other fragments found near the wall, belong to pots and pans.</p><br>
<h2>Image Gallery</h2><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Antonio Taramelli, Foglio 208. Dorgali, in the Edizione della Carta Archeologica d&#39;Italia, Florence, Military Geographical Institute, 1929</p><br>
<p>Antonio Taramelli, in Notizie degli Scavi, IX, 1933</p><br>
<p>M.A. Fadda, Nuraghe Mannu, in Dorgali. Documenti Archeologici, Sassari, Chiarella, 1980, pp. 199–205</p><br>
<p>M.A. Fadda, Dorgali (Nuoro). Nuraghe Mannu, in I Sardi. La Sardegna dal paleolitico all&#39;età romana, Milano, Jaca Book, 1984, pp. 216–217</p><br>
<p>M.A. Fadda-P. Pruneti, Operazione Nuraghe Mannu, in Archeologia Viva, 48, novembre-dicembre 1994</p><br>
<p>M.A. Fadda-S. Massetti, Quattro campagne di scavo con l&#39;Operazione nuraghe Mannu, in Bollettino di Archeologia, 1997, 43-45, pp. 217–221</p><br>
<p>Dorgali. Documenti archeologici, Sassari, 1980, Chiarella, p. 109-113, 115-140</p><br>
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<p>Ifri Oudadane is an African archaeological site found on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the northeast Rif region of Morocco on the southwest coast of Cape Three Forks. It is one of the most important sites in the Maghreb region of Africa. Discovered during road construction, the site consists of a fairly large rock shelter above the modern coastline, the site has been excavated since 2006 by a team of Moroccan and German archaeologists. Although much is known about the transition of humans from hunter gatherer groups to food production in Europe and the Middle East, much of North Africa has not been researched. Ifri Oudadane is one of the first of such sites in North Africa. Dated to between 11000 and 5700 years BP, the site contains evidence that documents the change of North African peoples from Hunter-gatherer groups to food producers. Such elements of change found at Ifri Oudadane include evidence of animal husbandry, domestication of legumes, and decoration of pottery. The site is known to contain the earliest dated crop in Northern Africa, a lentil.</p><br>
<h2>Research methods</h2><br>
<p>Research at Ifri Oudadane was started in 2006 by the “Eastern Rif” project, a Moroccan-German mixed team. Consisting of the National Institute of Archaeology and Heritage (INSAP) of Morocco, the German Commission for Archeology of External European Affairs (KAAK), and the University of Cologne. Archaeologists dug about 2.5 meters deep into the soil inside of the rock shelter. During the 2006 and 2007 digging seasons, excavated material was separated and cleared through screens of various sizes. Starting in 2010, flotation analysis was used to get a better understanding of organic materials, including pollen and foodstuffs. In addition, black carbon (BC) analysis was used to gain a deeper understanding of the history of fire at Ifri Oudadane. This method entails using an acid to oxidize the carbon into benzene polycarboxylic acids. A variety of information can be gathered from this method, including the composition of fires and a which temperature they burned.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation periods</h2><br>
<p>Archaeologists have determined through stratigraphy that the site was occupied during two distinct periods of time.</p><br>
<h3>Epipaleolithic: (20-10.5k BP)</h3><br>
<p>The Epipaleolithic time period takes up a meter thick layer of the stratigraphy inside of the rock shelter. Archaeologists were able to obtain a date from this period by the seeds of chamaerops plants found in the deposit. The oldest dated to 9028±41 BP while the most recent were from 7632±29 BP. Stone tool fragments and bone fragments of various wild animals (e.g. Barbary sheep) were found. Lithics of this time period are few in number and many are unspecific flakes, as opposed to specified tools.</p><br>
<h4>Environment</h4><br>
<p>The environment of the Mediterranean coast in the epipaleolithic has been explored through charcoal and pollen analysis administered by the University of the Basque Country in 2011. Epipaleolithic pollen levels are dominated by arboreal species. In total, 60.5%–72.1% of all pollen recovered in epipaleolithic levels was arboreal in nature. Dominant species included Kermes oak, alder, and willow. Shrub vegetation makes up the majority of the remaining pollen, such as Olea europaea (olives), Pistacia lentiscus, and Myrtus communis. Furthermore, the evidence of an arboreal dominated environment is supported by examining charcoal left at the site.</p><br>
<h3>Early neolithic (8-5k BP)</h3><br>
<p>The early neolithic occupation of Ifri Oudadane is represented by a 1.5 meter thick deposit. This time period of the site can be subdivided into three distinct layers, early neolithic A, B, and C.</p><br>
<h4>Environment</h4><br>
<p>Early neolithic pollen analysis shows a significant decrease in arboreal species, as compared to the epipaleolithic, down to somewhere between about 30% and 19%. The shrubs from the epipaleolithic tend to stay the same, while others increased; notably species in the Aster, Boraginacae, and Chichorioideae varieties. An increase of pollen from the Poaceae family is also present, implying a grassier environment. Throughout the three sub periods of the early neolithic, a general increase in the use of the species Pistacia and Juniperus for firewood, and shifting away from hardwood.</p><br>
<h4>Early neolithic A (ENA)</h4><br>
<p>ENA deposits are only found in the northeast corner of the site, consisting of charcoal and ash layers. The ENA deposit marks the first occurrence of pottery in the rock shelter. This pottery is decorated with impressed marks. More importantly than that pottery though was the discovery of a domesticated lentil dating back to 7.327±81 BP. Tools found in the ENA layer include large notched stone blades and bone needles/awls. In 2010, flotation analysis found evidence of not only various cereals, lentils, and legumes but also that of wild boar and domesticated sheep and goats.</p><br>
<h4>Early neolithic B (ENB)</h4><br>
<p>Compared to the ENA, the ENB phase is very similar. The main change is stylistic differences on pottery. Cardium style pottery is still the main type.</p><br>
<h4>Early neolithic C (ENC)</h4><br>
<p>The ENC is the final and most thin layer of the stratigraphy. It contains very few artifacts. Dating on these artifacts have produced a date range of around 6.6 to 6.4 KBP. This is potentially a sign of the rock shelter falling out of use and perhaps becoming a seasonal shelter instead of a full-time location. It is thought that a general trend of climatic and environmental degradation brought forth the end of human occupation at Ifri Oudadane and many sites within Northern Africa.</p><br>
<h2>Pottery at Ifri Oudadane</h2><br>
<p>Ifri Oudadane offers insight into the first pottery of northwest Africa. Pottery in the ENA sections of the rock shelter are of Cardium variety, using horizontal and vertical bands of various impressions. Pottery from this time period is narrow, oval shaped, with a pointed base. As the pottery begins to date more recently, there are two divisions during the ENB. The earlier subsection (7.1-6.9 KYA) is characterized by a closed necked(see amphora)/straight rimmed and open neck/segmented rim pottery. The later subsection of the ENB (6.8-6.3 KYA) pots are ovoid in nature with closed style with outward bending rims. Both assemblages of pottery from the ENB have decorated handles with various vertical and horizontal decoration. Later pottery from the ENB are decorated with stamps (similar to modern rubber stamps instead of individual cardium shell impressions. The pottery of the ENC occupation (6.6-6.3KYA) and the later neolithic period (≈5.7 KYA) are fairly similar. They consist of closed ovoid forms only and have similar decorations, although use of a herringbone motif is found on early neolithic only.</p><br>
<h2>Significance of research</h2><br>
<p>Although much is known about the prehistoric development of agriculture, coined the "Neolithic revolution" by V. Gordon Childe, there is a distinct lack of knowledge about the development of agriculture on the African continent and African archaeology in general. Although Ifri Oudadane is not in any of the three areas of Africa though to independently develop agriculture (Ethiopian highlands, West Africa, Sahel) its location and the time frame of the early neolithic occupation layers allows archaeologists to research and contextualize the neolithic revolution in the north African Magrheb. This allows for a relationship to form between the development of agriculture in North Africa and the rest of the world.</p><br>
<h3>Similarities with European agricultural developments</h3><br>
<p>Dates for cultivated plant remains become more recent the further west said materials are recovered from. Whereas the earliest dates from Cyprus are around 10k years before present, dates along the Iberian Peninsula range anywhere between 7.7k and 7.2k years before present. By comparing these dates to those from Ifri Oudadane, of which the earliest cultivated organic remains dates to around 7.3k years BP supports the hypothesis of a fairly contemporaneous spread of agriculture throughout both the northwest and southwest coasts of the Mediterranean. In fact, sites in the Andalusia region (the closest to Morocco) of Spain show dates of 7.3k years BP, matching those of Ifri Oudadane.</p><br>
<h3>Developmental changes of fire</h3><br>
<p>Reconstructions of the usage of fire in the rock shelter through the analysis of black carbon left in the soil after the burning of various fuels. Through this data, archaeologists have been able to determine differences of fire usage, and in turn the local environment, throughout the various periods of occupation.</p><br>
<h4>Epipaleolithic</h4><br>
<p>Much more black carbon was detected in the epipaleolithic layers of soil at Ifri Oudadane. Through this observance, it can be determined that temperatures of fires were higher in the epipaleolithic occupations than early neolithic ones. This implies a heavier use of wood as fuel and in turn less space for cultivated crops, as trees would need much space to grow.</p><br>
<h4>Early neolithic</h4><br>
<p>Black carbon levels were lower in the early neolithic occupation layers, implying a lower temperature fire. Fuels of a lower temperature fire could be anything from grasses, the dung of domesticated animals, and leftover foodstuffs. Such fires point towards an increase in cultivation and domestication, as forest lands would be used to grow crops and wood becomes more rare.</p><br>
<p>Roca Redonda is a flat-topped, steep-sided islet located roughly 25 km northwest of the island of Isabela, in the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador. It measures 100 m long and 50 m wide with a maximum elevation of 67 m. Its isolation and inaccessibility coupled with its rocky cliffs riddled with crevices and crossed by ledges has made Roca Redonda a haven for nesting seabirds.</p><br>
<p>This small volcanic island is the remains of a large shield volcano that has vastly eroded away below sea level. Potassium–argon dating of Roca Redonda indicates that the islet is at least 53,000 +/- 54,000 years old. However, it remains unknown when the last eruption occurred from the shield volcano. Several shallow submarine fumaroles exist around the island and may indicate that the volcano is still active.</p><br>
<p>Satsurblia Cave is a paleoanthropological site located near Kumistavi village, Tskaltubo district, in the Imereti region of Georgia. The karst cave was first excavated in 1976 by A. N. Kalandadze.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Prehistoric people first occupied the cave from around 25,500 to 24,400 BP. The next period of human occupation at Satsurblia took place from around 17,000 to 16,200 BP. The hiatus in human occupation at Satsurblia coincides with the Last Glacial Maximum.</p><br>
<p>Lithic artefacts, bone artefacts, charcoal, flax fibers, and pottery were discovered at the cave. The lithic artefacts show similarities to eastern Epigravettian sites. Perforated pendants made out of stalagmite and polished bovid bone were also discovered. The remains of yellow, red and brown ochre were also found at the site.</p><br>
<p>Unlike most other Paleolithic sites found in Georgia that relied primarily on hunting one species, the people of Satsurblia appeared to have hunted a slightly more diverse range of species. The animal remains found at Satsurblia were dominated primarily by wild boar, followed by red deer; the remains of aurochs, steppe bison, Capra caucasica, and roe deer were also found. Some brown bear, wolf, fox, and Eurasian beaver remains were also found at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Genetics</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, archaeologists found a temporal bone fragment of an ancient human in the cave. Direct AMS dating of the bone yielded an estimated date of 13,300 BP for the age of the bone. Researchers successfully extracted DNA from the petrous part of the temporal bone and managed to recover low coverage genomes.</p><br>
<p>The ancient individual from Satsurblia was male with black hair and brown eyes; however, the individual is one of the earliest found to carry the derived HERC2 allele for blue eyes. The Satsurblia individual also likely had light skin, as he was found to carry the derived SLC24A5 allele for light skin. The Satsurblia individual was also lactose intolerant and did not carry the derived EDAR allele commonly found in East Asians and Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>The Satsurblia individual belongs to mtDNA Haplogroup K3 and Y-DNA Haplogroup J. About 1.7-2.4% of the Satsurblia individual&#39;s DNA was Neanderthal in origin.</p><br>
<h3>Caucasus hunter-gatherers</h3><br>
<p>The Satsurblia individual is genetically closest to an ancient individual, dating to around 9,700 BP, found at the Kotias Klde rock shelter in Georgia. Together, they form a genetically distinct cluster that is often referred to as Caucasus hunter-gatherers.</p><br>
<p>The Caucasus hunter-gatherers descended from a population that split off very early around 45,000 years ago, pre-dating the split that led to differentiated populations that descended separately to Ust&#39;-Ishim man, Oase1 and European hunter-gatherers. The Caucasus hunter-gatherers managed to survive in isolation through the last Ice Age as a distinct population.</p><br>
<h3>Relationship to modern populations</h3><br>
<p>In comparison to modern human populations, the Satsurblia individual is closest to modern populations from the South Caucasus.</p><br>
<p>The Caucasus hunter-gatherers contributed significantly to modern European populations by way of the Yamna people. Around half of the Yamna people&#39;s DNA come from the Caucasus hunter-gatherers.</p><br>
<p>The Caucasus hunter-gatherers also contributed genetically to modern Central Asians and South Asians.</p><br>
<p>The Eastern gate of Philippopolis is one of the three entrances of the ancient city that have been discovered in Plovdiv. The gate was built on the main road to Byzantium and the Bosphorus. Initially constructed in the 2nd century AD during the reign of Hadrian, the gate and the complex around it were completely rebuilt in the 4th century, and partially repaired in the 5th century. The Eastern gate was discovered in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>The Gate</h2><br>
<p>After it was rebuilt in the 4th century, the Eastern gate of Philippopolis had one wide central entrance and two narrower side entrances. Two watch towers were built on both sides of the gate for protection during attacks. The gate was built on the widest and most elaborate street of the city which was partly discovered during the archeological works. The 13 meters wide street was covered with large syenite slabs with paved sidewalk on both sides (each 2.6 m wide) unlike any other street in Philippopolis. Richly decorated colonnade in the Roman Corinthian order was aligned on both sides of the street. Wheel ruts can be seen on the syenite pavement indicating busy cart traffic through the gate. Buildings built in the 4th century with elaborate porticoes in the Corinthian style were found on both sides of the Eastern gate. It is presumed that they were either barracks or infirmary, but their purpose is still debatable. Together with the Eastern gate they formed an entire complex.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first structure on the place of the todays Eastern gate was a marble triumphal arch built on the main road to Byzantium in the 2nd century for Hadrians visit in Philippopolis. Later, Emperor Marcus Aurelius started building fortification facilities in the region given the danger of Marcomannic invasion. As a result, Philippopolis was encircled by a stone wall in 172. The memorable arch was left defenseless a few dozen meters outside the fortified area where the first eastern gate was built. After Philippopolis recovered from the destruction of the Goth invasion in 251, the old fortress walls were torn down and new fortification of bricks and stone was built. The new Eastern gate of Philippopolis was built over the ruins of Hadrian&#39;s arch. The builders used the remaining stones and decorations of the old monument when constructing the new city gate. The memorial of the imperial visit from the 2nd century became the biggest and the most important entrance of Philippopolis.</p><br>
